Method to detect repeat sequence motifs in nucleic acid

ABSTRACT

Methods for determining the presence or absence of expansion of CGG repeat sequence in the FMR1 gene presence or absence of expansion of CCG repeat sequence in the FMR2 gene are provided. The methods are useful in identifying an individual with normal/intermediate, versus premutation or full mutation allele of FMR1 gene and FMR2 gene due to the expansion of CGG repeats and CCG repeats in the 5′-untranslated region respectively. The methods are also useful for screening newborns for fragile X syndrome or for screening women to determine heterozygosity status with full premutation of the CCG repeat tract. The methods are also useful in estimating the premutation and full mutation carrier frequency and estimating the prevalence of FXTAS AND FXPOI in a population. The methods are simple, rapid and require small amount of sample.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/302,059 filed Feb. 5, 2010 which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to methods of detecting genetic mutationscharacterized by an expansion of tandem repeats such as CGG repeats inthe FMR1 gene and CCG repeats in FMR2 gene.

BACKGROUND

A tandem repeat in DNA represents two or more contiguous approximatecopies of a pattern of nucleotides. Tandem repeats have been shown to beassociated with a variety of human diseases. Dramatic expansion oftrinucleotide repeats has been associated with such diseases asfragile-X mental retardation (see Verkerk, et al., (1991) Cell, 65,905-914), Huntington's disease (see Huntington's Disease CollaborativeResearch Group. (1993) Cell, 72, 971-983), myotonic dystrophy (see Fu,et al., (1992) Science, 255, 1256-1258), spinal and bulbar muscularatrophy (see La Spada, et al., (1991) Nature, 352, 77-79) andFriedreich's ataxia (see Campuzano, et al., (1996) Science, 271,1423-1427).

Fragile X syndrome (FXS, OMIM #300624) is the most common inheritedmental retardation syndrome, affecting ˜1:4000 males and ˜1:8000females. The disease is caused by the expansion of the trinucleotide CGGrepeat in the 5′-untranslated (UTR) region of the fragile X mentalretardation protein 1 (FMR1) gene. Methylation of the CGG tract leads tosilencing of expression of the FMR1 gene. The American College ofMedical Genetics (Maddalena et al. Genet Med 2001; 3(3):200-5; Shermanet al. Genet Med 2005; 7(8):584-7) defines a normal repeat length asbetween 5-44. Intermediate alleles of between 45-54 repeats show almostno expansion. Premutation alleles have 55-200 CGG, while full mutationalleles have >200 repeats. As an X-linked dominant disease, FXS isdiagnosed more frequently in males than females, but females can presentwith milder symptoms, or with FXS due to skewed X-inactivation.Thirty-forty percent of male carriers of a premutation allele willsuffer from Fragile X-associated Tremor and Ataxia (FXTAS) by age 50(Hagerman et al. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2004; 10(1): 25-30;Hagerman et al. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74(5): 1051-6) Various studiesshowed that the larger the repeat size the stronger the chance ofpresenting with FXTAS, but the penetrance i.e. the chance of beingaffected by FXTAS seems to be around 33% for male carriers of alleles˜70 repeats or higher. Some female premutation carriers are affectedwith premature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI; also know as prematureovarian failure) (Allingham-Hawkins et al. Am J Med Genet 1999;83(4):322-5; Hundscheid et al. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 13(3): 457-462).Female premutation carriers showed overall higher levels of follicularstimulating hormone than normal or full mutation carriers and decreasedlevels of anti-Müllerian hormone, Inhibin A and inhibin B, allindicators of ovarian decline (Hundscheid et al. Hum. Reprod. 2001;13(3): 457-462). The reported penetrance i.e. the chance of beingaffected by FXPOI in female premutation carriers is 20-28% of largeralleles.

Several studies have examined the carrier frequency of premutationand/or full mutation alleles in FMR1 gene in different populations, andas in any other genetic disease, the frequency varies by population andregion; 1:113 in Israel (Toledano-Alhadef et al. Am J Hum Genet 2001;69(2):351-60), 1:259 in Quebec (Rousseau et al. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57(5):1006-18), in Finland the frequency was 1:246, and in the U.S.state of Georgia it was 1:436. The frequency was found to be between1:257-1:382 in the U.S. population in general (Cronister et al. GenetMed 2005; 7(4):246-50). Methods of amplifying the CGG repeat tract inthe FMR1 gene has previously been reported. See, Fu et al. Cell 1991;67: 1047-1058; Erster et al. Hum Genet. 1992; 90: 55-61; Pergolizzi etal. Lancet. 1992; 339: 271-272; Warner et al. J Med. Genet. 1996; 33:1022-1026; Daniels et al. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1996; 13(2): 163-169;Strelnikov et al. Hum Mutat. 1999; 13(2): 166-169; Zhou et al. J MedGenet. 2004; 41(4): e45; Saluto et al. J Mol Diagn. 2005; 7(5): 605-612;Zhou et al. Clin Chem. 2006; 52(8): 1492-1500; Dahl et al. Clin Chem.2007; 53(4): 790-793; Strom et al. Genet Med. 2007; 9(4): 199-207;Khaniani et al. Mol. Cytogenet. Apr 8; 1:5; Tassone et al. Mol Diagn.2008; 10(1): 43-49; Filipovic-Sadic et al. Clin Chem. Jan. 7, 2010(epub); Lyon et al. J Mol. Diagn. 2010; 12(4): 505-511; Hantash et al.Genet Med. Feb. 17 2010 (epub); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,658,764, 6,200,747, and6,114,150, and US Patent Application Publication 2008/0113355.

Fragile X E (FRAXE) mental retardation (OMIM 309548) is associated to afragile site localized in chromosome Xq28 and is the cause of anon-syndromic X-linked mental retardation affecting 1/50,000 newbornmales. The disorder is due to the silencing of the Fragile X MentalRetardation 2 (FMR2) gene, as a consequence of a CCG expansion locatedupstream to this gene. FRAXE alleles can be divided into fourcategories: normal (6-30 CCG repeats), intermediate (31-60 CCG repeats),premutation (61-200 CCG repeats), and full mutation (over 200 CCGrepeats). See, Gecz et al. Nat. Genet. 1996; 13: 105-108; Gu et al. Nat.Genet. 1996; 13:109-113; Knight et al. Cell. 1993; 74:127-134; andStrelnikov et al. Hum Mutat. 1999; 13(2):166-9.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described is a nucleic acid amplification method for detecting whether agene associated with a tandem triplet repeat tract has a normal, or anexpanded triplet repeat track. The expanded triplet repeat tract mayinclude a premutation or may include a full mutation with a greaternumber of repeats than the premutation. In one embodiment, amplificationis by the polymerase chain reaction using a pair of primers. Theamplified triplet repeat tract and any portions thereof are separatedaccording to size. In one embodiment, the method of separation iselectrophoresis, which preferably is capillary gel electrophoresis.

In one aspect, the method is used to determine the presence or absenceof an expansion of the CGG repeat tract in the 5′-untranslated region(5′-UTR) of fragile X related mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) in anindividual. The method involves amplification using at least a primerpair wherein one or both primers of the primer pair hybridize to andprime in the CGG repeat tract so as to generate amplicons that containall or portions of the CGG repeat tract. The primer pair can include adownstream primer that comprises a CCG repeat segment which containsless than four consecutive CCG triplet repeats and hybridizes to atleast a portion of said CGG repeat tract. Alternatively or in addition,the primer pair can include an upstream primer that comprises a CGGrepeat segment which contains less than four consecutive CGG tripletrepeats and hybridizes to at least a portion of the complement of saidCGG repeat tract. The amplicons generated are then separated accordingto size, wherein the size(s) of the amplicons indicates the presence orabsence of expansion of the CGG repeat tract in said 5′-UTR of the FMR1gene.

In some embodiments, when the primer pair for amplifying CGG repeattract in the 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene includes a downstream primer thatcomprises less than four consecutive CCG triplet repeats and hybridizesto at least a portion of the CGG repeat tract, the upstream primer iscomplementary to a region upstream of the CGG repeat tract. Likewise,when the primer pair includes an upstream primer that comprises lessthan four consecutive CGG triplet repeats and hybridizes to at least aportion of the complement of the CGG repeat tract, the downstream primeris complementary to sequence downstream of the CGG tract.

In another aspect, the method is used to determine the presence orabsence of an expansion of the CCG repeat tract in the 5′-untranslatedregion (5′-UTR) of fragile X related mental retardation gene 2 (FMR2) inan individual. The method involves amplification using at least a primerpair wherein one or both primers of the primer pair hybridize to andprime in the CCG repeat tract so as to generate amplicons that containall or portions of the CCG repeat tract. The primer pair can include adownstream primer that comprises one or more CGG triplet repeats andhybridizes to at least a portion of said CCG repeat tract. In someembodiments, the downstream primer may comprise two or more consecutiveCGG triplet repeats. Alternatively or in addition, the primer pair caninclude an upstream primer that comprises one or more CCG repeat segmentand hybridizes to at least a portion of the complement of said CCGrepeat tract. In some embodiments, the upstream primer may comprise twoor more consecutive CCG triplet repeats. The amplicons generated arethen separated according to size, wherein the size(s) of the ampliconsindicates the presence or absence of expansion of the CCG repeat tractin said 5′-UTR of the FMR2 gene.

In some embodiments, when the primer pair for amplifying CCG repeattract in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene includes a downstream primer thatcomprises one or more consecutive CGG triplet repeats and hybridizes toat least a portion of the CCG repeat tract, the upstream primer iscomplementary to a region upstream of the CCG repeat tract. Likewise,when the primer pair includes an upstream primer that comprises one ormore consecutive CCG triplet repeats and hybridizes to at least aportion of the complement of the CCG repeat tract, the downstream primeris complementary to sequence downstream of the CCG tract.

The primers can include 5′ tails that can function as a priming site andhave sequence with little to no sequence homology to the FMR1 or FMR2gene. Thus, an additional primer (e.g. M13 sequence) can be used whichprimes in the tail segment of one or both primers of the initial primerto boost the amount of amplicons generated.

The CGG or CCG repeat segments of the primers can have variouscombinations of triplets such as are shown in FIG. 15 for primerscomprising CCG triplets and FIG. 16 for primers comprising CGG triplets.In one embodiment, the primer that has the CGG or CCG repeat segmentalso includes sequence that flanks the CGG or CCG repeat track so as toallow the primer to hybridize at the junction between the CGG repeattract or CCG repeat tract and flanking sequence. For example, in thecase of FMR1 gene, the “junctional” downstream primer has CCG repeatsequence at the 3′ end of the primer which sequence includes sequenceupstream from the 3′ end of the repeat tract and continues into theflanking sequence that is directly downstream of the repeat tract.Likewise, the “junctional” form of the upstream primer has at its 3′ endCGG repeat sequence that includes sequence downstream from the 5′ end ofthe repeat tract and continues upstream into the flanking sequencelocated 5′ to the repeat tract. As already discussed, these junctionalprimers can include a tail for priming by an additional primer.

In some embodiments, for amplifying CGG repeat tract in the 5′-UTR ofFMR1 gene the downstream primer comprises or consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3-6, SEQ IDNOs 14-40, SEQ ID NOs 71-74 and the upstream primer comprises orconsists essentially of a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs: 41-69. In some embodiments, for amplifying CGG repeat tractin the 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene the CGG or CCG repeat segments of the primercan have less than 3 consecutive CGG or CCG repeats. In someembodiments, the downstream primer CCG hybridizing sequence has two setsof two consecutive CCG triplets (separated by at least one base) and theupstream primer has as the CGG hybridizing sequence two sets of twoconsecutive CGG triplets (separated by at least one base). In theseembodiments, the downstream primer comprises or consists essentially ofa sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-22 and29-36 and the upstream primer comprises or consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 42-49 and56-66.

In some embodiments, for amplifying CCG repeat tract in the 5′-UTR ofFMR2 gene the upstream primer comprises or consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14-40, 71-74,and 76 and the downstream primer comprises or consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41-69 and 77.In some embodiments, for amplifying CCG repeat tract in the 5′-UTR ofFMR2 gene, the CGG or CCG repeat segments of the primer can have lessthan 3 consecutive CGG or CCG repeats. In some embodiments, the upstreamprimer has two sets of two consecutive CCG triplets (separated by atleast one base) and the downstream primer has two sets of twoconsecutive CGG triplets (separated by at least one base). In theseembodiments, the upstream primer comprises or consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-22 and29-36 and the downstream primer comprises or consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 42-49 and56-66.

In accordance with the method, amplification of extended triplet repeatsincluding premutation and full mutation following size separation of theamplicons yields a tapering or stutter pattern of amplicon sizes. Insome embodiments, in the case of a full mutation in FMR1 gene, a lonepeak is visible at about 1050 bp on a capillary gel.

In some embodiments, the signal for the full mutation lone peak can beenhanced by using a deoxy GTP analogue such as 8-deaza-2′-deoxy GTP inthe amplification reaction mixture. In some embodiments, the dGTPanalogue substitutes entirely for dGTP in the reaction mixture.

In some embodiments, the amplification is cyclic and the ramp ratebetween cycles is selected at about 60-70% (about 0.4° C. to 0.6°C./sec) for the denaturation and/or extension steps and about 20-30%(about 0.4° C. to 0.6° C./sec) for the annealing step.

In another aspect, the method of triplet primed amplification is used toidentify a female that is homozygous normal versus a female that isheterozygous and having a normal allele and an allele with an expandedCGG tract length in the 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene. The above described methodsmay be used in this instance to obtain amplicons which are separatedaccording to size so as to estimate the number of CGG repeats in saidamplicons, wherein detection of only a normal number of CGG repeatsindicates a homozygous normal female and detection of both ampliconswith a normal number of CGG repeats and detection of amplicons with anabnormally high number of CGG repeats indicates a female heterozygousand having an allele with an expanded CGG tract length. In someembodiments, the normal number of CGG repeats is between 4 to 44 repeatswhile an abnormally high number of repeats is greater than 54 repeats.In some embodiments, an expanded CGG tract length representing apremutation has CGG repeats of between 55-200 while in otherembodiments, an expanded CGG tract length representing a full mutationhas greater than 200 CGG triplet repeats.

In another aspect, the method of triplet primed amplification is used toidentify a female that is homozygous normal versus a female that isheterozygous and having a normal allele and an allele with an expandedCCG tract length in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene. The above described methodsmay be used in this instance to obtain amplicons which are separatedaccording to size so as to estimate the number of CCG repeats in saidamplicons, wherein detection of only a normal number of CCG repeatsindicates a homozygous normal female and detection of both ampliconswith a normal number of CCG repeats and detection of amplicons with anabnormally high number of CCG repeats indicates a female heterozygousand having an allele with an expanded CCG tract length. In someembodiments, the normal number of CCG repeats is between 6 to 30 repeatswhile an abnormally high number of repeats is greater than 60 repeats.In some embodiments, an expanded CCG tract length representing apremutation has CCG repeats of between 61-200 while in otherembodiments, an expanded CCG tract length representing a full mutationhas greater than 200 CCG triplet repeats.

In yet a further aspect, the method of triplet primed amplification isused to screen newborns to determine if they have an expanded CGG tractin the FMR1 gene. This method can be performed as for the method abovefor screening females to determine normal homozygous versus heterozygouswith a expanded CGG repeat tract.

“Primer” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide that is capable ofacting as a point of initiation of synthesis when placed underconditions in which primer extension is initiated (e.g., primerextension associated with an application such as PCR). The primer iscomplementary to a target nucleotide sequence and it hybridizes to asubstantially complementary sequence in the target and leads to additionof nucleotides to the 3″-end of the primer in the presence of a DNA orRNA polymerase. The 3′-nucleotide of the primer should generally becomplementary to the target sequence at a corresponding nucleotideposition for optimal expression and amplification. An oligonucleotide“primer” may occur naturally, as in a purified restriction digest or maybe produced synthetically. The term “primer” as used herein includes allforms of primers that may be synthesized including peptide nucleic acidprimers, locked nucleic acid primers, phosphorothioate modified primers,labeled primers, and the like.

Primers are typically between about 10 and about 100 nucleotides inlength, preferably between about 15 and about 60 nucleotides in length,more preferably between about 20 and about 50 nucleotides in length, andmost preferably between about 25 and about 40 nucleotides in length. Insome embodiments, primers can be at least 8, at least 12, at least 16,at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, atleast 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60 nucleotides in length.An optimal length for a particular primer application may be readilydetermined in the manner described in H. Erlich, PCR Technology,Principles and Application for DNA Amplification (1989).

As used herein, a “carrier” is an individual who carries a mutated oraltered allele of a gene but is not affected by the disorder or diseaseassociated with the mutation. Carriers can pass the mutation to a childor offspring in future generations, who may be affected with the diseaseor disorder. With respect to Fragile X syndrome, both males and femalesmay be carriers. As used herein, the term carrier encompassesindividuals having a premutation allele or a full mutation allele. Suchindividual carriers may also be referred to herein as “premutationcarrier” (i.e., having a premutation FMR1 allele) or a “full mutationcarrier” (i.e., having a full mutation FMR1 allele).

As used herein, “5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR)” of the FMR1 gene meansthe region of FMR1 gene upstream of the first codon that is nottranslated into a protein. In one embodiment, the 5′-UTR of FMR1 geneincludes promoters, enhancers and CGG repeats.

As used herein “CGG repeat tract” means the sequence of tandem repeatsof CGG trinucleotides in the 5′-UTR of the FMR1 gene. The number of CGGrepeats in the CGG repeat tract may vary within an individual or betweentwo individuals. The number of CGG repeats in the CGG repeat tract ofthe FMR1 gene can be at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 200,300, 500, 1,000, 2,000 or more. In some embodiments, the number of CGGrepeats in the CGG repeat tract can vary from about 5 to about 2,000, toabout 2,100, to about 2,300, to about 2,500 repeats. An exemplary CGGrepeat tract sequence of FMR1 gene corresponds to nucleotide positions13833 to 13962 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

As used herein “CGG repeat expansion” means a number of CGG repeats atthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene which is greater than the normal range of 5-44repeats. Typically normal repeat lengths are between 5-44. In someembodiments, the repeat lengths can increase to 45-54 repeats. In someembodiments, repeat lengths can increase to between 55-200 CGG repeats.Individuals having between 55-200 CGG repeats in the 5′-UTR of FMR1 geneare considered to have premutation allele. In some embodiments, therepeat lengths can increase to over 200 repeats. Individuals havinggreater than 200 repeats in the 5′-UTR of the FMR1 gene are consideredto have a full mutation allele. The following abbreviations are used.NF: normal female; GF, intermediate female; PF, premutation female; FF;affected female; NM, normal male; GM, intermediate male; PM, premutationmale; FM, affected male. “Normal” is used herein has 5-44 repeats,“Intermediate has 45-54 repeats, “Premutation” has 55-200 repeats and“Full Mutation” has >200 repeats.

As used herein, “5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR)” of the FMR2 gene meansthe region of FMR2 gene upstream of the first codon that is nottranslated into a protein. In one embodiment, the 5′-UTR of FMR2 geneincludes promoters, enhancers and CCG repeats.

As used herein “CCG repeat tract” means the sequence of tandem repeatsof CCG trinucleotides in the 5′-UTR of the FMR2 gene. The number of CCGrepeats in the CCG repeat tract may vary within an individual or betweentwo individuals. The number of CCG repeats in the CCG repeat tract ofthe FMR2 gene can be at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 200,300, 500, 1,000, 2,000 or more. In some embodiments, the number of CCGrepeats in the CCG repeat tract can vary from about 5 to about 2,000, toabout 2,100, to about 2,300, to about 2,500 repeats. An exemplary CCGrepeat tract sequence of FMR2 gene corresponds to nucleotide positions21 to 65 of SEQ ID NO: 75.

As used herein “CCG repeat expansion” means a number of CCG repeats atthe 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene which is greater than the normal range of 6-30repeats. Typically normal repeat lengths are between 6-30. In someembodiments, the repeat lengths can increase to 31-60 repeats. In someembodiments, repeat lengths can increase to between 61-200 CCG repeats.Individuals having between 31-60 CCG repeats in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 geneare considered to have intermediate allele. Individuals having between61-200 CCG repeats in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene are considered to havepremutation allele. In some embodiments, the repeat lengths can increaseto over 200 repeats. Individuals having greater than 200 CCG repeats inthe 5′-UTR of the FMR2 gene are considered to have a full mutationallele. The following abbreviations are used. NF: normal female; GF,intermediate female; PF, premutation female; FF; affected female; NM,normal male; GM, intermediate male; PM, premutation male; FM, affectedmale. “Normal” as used herein has 6-30 repeats, “Intermediate has 31-60repeats, “Premutation” has 61-200 repeats and “Full Mutation” has >200repeats.

As used herein, “penetrance in patients” in the context of FragileX-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and Fragile X-associatedpremature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) means the chance of beingaffected by FXTAS or FXPOI as is calculated by the fraction of thepopulation affected with FXTAS and FXPOI having premutation in FMR1 genewhich may be ≧30 CGG repeats, ≧40 CGG repeats, ≧50 CGG repeats, ≧70 CGGrepeats, or ≧100 CGG repeats. Alternatively, the permutation size may bedetermined relative to the population affected with FXTAS and/or FXPOI.

“Sample” or “patient sample” as used herein includes biological samplessuch as cells, cell lysates, tissues and body fluids. Sample may be ofhuman or non-human origin. Sample may include, but are not limited to,amniotic fluid, biopsies, blood, blood spots, blood cells, bone marrow,amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, chorionic villi, fecal samples,excrements, fine needle biopsy samples, peritoneal fluid, plasma,pleural fluid, bronchial alveolar lavage, bronchial wash, saliva, semen,serum, sputum, tears, buccal swab, tissue, tissue homogenates, frozentissue, paraffin sections of tissue, tissue culture media, cells, fetalcells, cell lysates, cell from culture, cell culture supernatant, fetus,embryo, and urine. A sample may include a body fluid that is“acellular.”

An “acellular body fluid” is a sample that contains less than about 1%(w/w) of whole cellular material. Acellular body fluid includes samplesthat are naturally acellular when obtained from the individual, or maybe cellular fluids that are made to be acellular. For example, plasma isan acellular body fluid derived from blood by removing whole cellularmaterial from blood by methods known in the art (e.g., centrifugation,filtration, and the like). Serum is an acellular body fluid obtainedfrom clotted blood after the clotted fraction is removed. Naturallyoccurring acellular body fluids include, for example, certain samples ofspinal fluid and urine, such as are typically obtained from a normalhealthy individual.

As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to a short polymercomposed of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides or any combinationthereof. Oligonucleotides of the invention are generally between about10 and about 100 nucleotides in length. Oligonucleotides are preferably15 to 70 nucleotides long, with 20 to 26 nucleotides being the mostcommon. The single letter code for nucleotides is as described in theU.S. Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedure, section 2422,table 1. In this regard, the nucleotide designation “R” means guanine oradenine, “Y” means thymine (uracil if RNA) or cytosine; and “M” meansadenine or cytosine. An oligonucleotide may be used as a primer or as aprobe.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence”refers to an oligonucleotide, nucleotide or polynucleotide, andfragments or portions thereof, which may be single or double stranded,or partially double stranded and represent the sense or antisensestrand. A nucleic acid may include DNA or RNA, and may be of natural orsynthetic origin and may contain deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides,or nucleotide analogs in any combination. Nucleic acid may comprise adetectable label. Although a sequence of the nucleic acids may be shownin the form of DNA, a person of ordinary skill in the art recognizesthat the corresponding RNA sequence will have a similar sequence withthe thymine being replaced by uracil i.e. “t” with “u”.

Non-limiting examples of nucleic acid include a gene or gene fragment,genomic DNA, exons, introns, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribozymes, cDNA,recombinant nucleic acid, branched nucleic acid, plasmids, vectors,isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, syntheticnucleic acid, nucleic acid probes and primers. Nucleic acid may comprisemodified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotideanalogs, uracyl, other sugars and linking groups such as fluororiboseand thiolate, and nucleotide branches. A nucleic acid may be modifiedsuch as by conjugation, with a labeling component. Other types ofmodifications included in this definition are caps, substitution of oneor more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, andintroduction of chemical entities for attaching the polynucleotide toother molecules such as proteins, metal ions, labeling components, othernucleic acid or a solid support. Nucleic acid may include nucleic acidthat has been amplified (e.g., using polymerase chain reaction).

“Genomic nucleic acid” as used herein, refers to the nucleic acid in acell that is present in the cell chromosome(s) of an organism whichcontains the genes that encode the various proteins of the cells of thatorganism. A preferred type of genomic nucleic acid is that present inthe nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In a preferred embodiment, a genomicnucleic acid is DNA. Genomic nucleic acid can be double stranded orsingle stranded, or partially double stranded, or partially singlestranded or a hairpin molecule. Genomic nucleic acid may be intact orfragmented (e.g., digested with restriction endonucleases or bysonication or by applying shearing force by methods known in the art).In some cases, genomic nucleic acid may include sequence from all or aportion of a single gene or from multiple genes, sequence from one ormore chromosomes, or sequence from all chromosomes of a cell. As is wellknown, genomic nucleic acid includes gene coding regions, introns, 5′and 3′ untranslated regions, 5′ and 3′ flanking DNA and structuralsegments such as telomeric and centromeric DNA, replication origins, andintergenic DNA. Genomic nucleic acid representing the total nucleic acidof the genome is referred to as “total genomic nucleic acid.”

Genomic nucleic acid may be obtained by methods ofextraction/purification from cellular or acellular material as is wellknown in the art. The ultimate source of genomic nucleic acid can benormal cells or may be cells that contain one or more mutations in thegenomic nucleic acid, e.g., duplication, deletion, translocation, andtransversion. Included in the meaning of genomic nucleic acid is genomicnucleic acid that has undergone recombination and may compriserearranged genes. Also included in the meaning of genomic nucleic acidis genomic nucleic acid that has been subjected to an amplification stepthat increases the amount of the target sequence of interest sought tobe detected relative to other nucleic acid sequences in the genomicnucleic acid. In some embodiments, genomic nucleic acid may besubstantially purified from its natural environment. In anotherembodiment, genomic nucleic acid may not be purified from its naturalenvironment. In some embodiments, genomic nucleic acid may be present inan environment comprising RNA, proteins such as in cell lysates, tissuehomogenates.

As used herein, the term “substantially purified” in reference tooligonucleotides does not require absolute purity. Instead, itrepresents an indication that the sequence is relatively more pure thanin the natural environment. Such oligonucleotides may be obtained by anumber of methods including, for example, laboratory synthesis,restriction enzyme digestion or PCR. A “substantially purified”oligonucleotide is preferably greater than 50% pure, more preferably atleast 75% pure, and most preferably at least 95% pure.

As used herein, an oligonucleotide is “specific” for a nucleic acid ifthe oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity with a portion ofthe nucleic acid when the oligonucleotide and the nucleic acid arealigned. An oligonucleotide that is specific for a nucleic acid is onethat, under the appropriate hybridization and washing conditions, iscapable of hybridizing to the target of interest and not substantiallyhybridizing to nucleic acids which are not of interest. Higher levels ofsequence identity are preferred and include at least 75%, at least 80%,at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% and more preferably at least98% sequence identity.

As used herein, the term “hybridize” or “specifically hybridize” refersto a process where two complementary nucleic acid strands anneal to eachother under appropriately stringent conditions. Hybridizations aretypically and preferably conducted with probe-length nucleic acidmolecules, preferably 20-100 nucleotides in length. Nucleic acidhybridization techniques are well known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook,et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition,Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y. Those skilled in the artunderstand how to estimate and adjust the stringency of hybridizationconditions such that sequences having at least a desired level ofcomplementarity will stably hybridize, while those having lowercomplementarity will not. For examples of hybridization conditions andparameters, see, e.g., Sambrook, et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview,N.Y.; Ausubel, F. M. et al. 1994, Current Protocols in MolecularBiology. John Wiley & Sons, Secaucus, N.J.

The term “substantially complementary” as used herein means that twosequences hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions. Theskilled artisan will understand that substantially complementarysequences need not hybridize along their entire length. In particular,substantially complementary sequences comprise a contiguous sequence ofbases that do not hybridize to a target or marker sequence, positioned3′ or 5′ to a contiguous sequence of bases that hybridize understringent hybridization conditions to a target or marker sequence.

The term “complement” as used herein means the complementary sequence toa nucleic acid according to standard Watson/Crick pairing rules. Acomplement sequence can also be a sequence of RNA complementary to theDNA sequence or its complement sequence, and can also be a cDNA.

As used herein the term “at least a portion of” in the context ofnucleic acid means at least 5, at least about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 1,000 contiguous nucleotides ormore in length.

As used herein, the term “about,” unless indicated otherwise, means inquantitative terms, plus or minus 10%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the genomic nucleic acid sequence of a portion of the humanFMR1 gene including the 5′-untranslated region (SEQ ID NO: 1).

FIG. 2 A-K shows a schematic representation of the relative position ofthe primers for amplifying CGG repeat tract of 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene. FIG.2A shows a forward primer (F) and reverse primer (R1) hybridizing to5′-UTR of FMR1 gene nucleotide sequences upstream and downstream of CGGrepeat tract, respectively. The reverse primers R2 and R4, shown inFIGS. 2B and 2D, respectively, hybridize to a portion of CGG repeat, thejunction of 3′-end of CGG repeat tract and down stream sequences. Thereverse primers R3 and R5, shown in FIGS. 2C and 2E, respectively,hybridize randomly to the CGG repeat tract. Reverse primers R4 and R5,shown in FIGS. 2D and 2E, respectively, further include a sequence withno homology to FMR1 gene. This sequence is complementary to primer R6which can serve as a primer for subsequent amplification. The forwardprimers F1 and F3 shown in FIGS. 2G and 2I, respectively, hybridize to aportion (technically the complement) of the CGG repeat and the junctionof 5′-end of CGG tract and upstream sequences. The forward primers F2and F4 shown in FIGS. 2H and 2J, respectively, hybridize randomly to theCGG repeat sequence (technically the complement of this sequence).Forward primers F3 and F4 shown in FIG. 2K further include a sequencewith no homology to FMR1 gene. This sequence is identical to primer F5which can serve as a primer for subsequent amplification. After initialrounds of PCR, extended forward or reverse primers can themselves serveas both templates and primers. This results in various PCR product sizesgiving the “stutter” pattern upon capillary electrophoresis.

FIG. 3 is an electropherogram showing the effect of 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTPon full mutation detection in FMR1 gene. The primers used to amplify theCGG repeat region were FMR1F, FMR1R, FMR1CCGR, and M13R. PCR mastermixes were formulated with shown concentrations of 7-deaza-dGTP anddGTP. An affected female DNA sample (19/450) was used in the PCRreactions. The positions of the normal and intermediate alleles (<55 CGGrepeats) and premutation and full mutation alleles 55 CGG repeats) areindicated below the electropherograms. The arrow shows the signal forthe full mutation. Replacing dGTP with 7-deaza-dGTP influences themigration and detectability of the amplified full mutation fragment.

FIG. 4 is an electropherogram showing exemplary amplification results ofthe CGG repeat tract of 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene obtained from normal,carrier and affected female and male fragile X patients using primersFMR1F and FMR1R and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The status ofalleles as to number of repeats is shown for each patient. The assaydistinguishes between normal females or males, including normalhomozygous females, from full mutation carrier females or males. Thelast panel shows a sample from a mosaic male with 105/350 alleles. The105 repeat allele is marked by an asterisk.

FIG. 5 is an electropherogram showing exemplary amplification results ofthe CGG repeat tract of 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene in mosaic males and femalesusing primers FMR1F and FMR1R and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP.Samples 15, 17 from male patients, and samples 2 and 7 from femalepatients (identified in Table 4) have mosaic premutation and fullmutations as shown. Sample 17 shows weak signal for full mutation. Othersamples show robust stutter with pre- and full mutation amplification.Premutations are marked by an asterisk while mutations are marked by anarrow.

FIG. 6 is an electropherogram showing the results of assay sensitivityto detect low levels of full mutations in the 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene. DNAsamples from normal males or females were mixed with affected males orfemales to give final concentrations of full mutation content as shownin each panel and were amplified using primers FMR1F and FMR1R and M13Rin presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The normal alleles show full scale lownumber repeat signal while the mutant alleles show stutteramplification. A) Set A, from mixed normal male (28 repeats) andaffected male (850 repeats), shows detection of full mutation at 5%“mosaic” content. B) Set B, from mixed normal homozygous female (28/28repeats) and affected female (19/450 repeats), shows detection of fullmutation in female DNA at 1% indicated by the arrow in theelectropherogram at the right. In this instance, the full mutationallele represents only 1 of the four alleles present in the mix, and ispresent at very low amounts in the low “mosaic” content. C) Set C, frommixed normal male (28 repeats) and affected male (853 repeats) shows“mosaic” detection from males at 10% “mosaic” content indicated by thearrow in the electropherogram at the right. The disappearance of thenormal 28 repeat allele (right most arrow in <55 repeat segment) occursas the % full mutation is increased.

FIG. 7 is an electropherogram showing the results for detection ofnormal, premutation and full mutation carriers in the 5′-UTR of FMR1gene from blood spots. Blood samples were spotted on filter cards, andpunched using BSD1000 GenePunch. DNA from two spots was extracted andPCR was performed using primers FMR1F and FMR1R and M13R in presence of7-deaza-dGTP. The number in each panel corresponds to the patientnumbers in Table 5. The mutation status and CCG repeat allele contentfor each sample is also shown. The method can identify full mutationsand distinguish normal females, including homozygous females, fromcarrier females.

FIG. 8 is an electropherogram showing the results of amplification ofthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene using reverse primer FMR1R (SEQ ID NO: 3),forward primer FMR1F, and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP.

FIG. 9 is an electropherogram showing the results of amplification ofthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene using reverse primer CGG1 (SEQ ID NO: 5),forward primer FMR1F, and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The samplesused in the assay are the same as in FIG. 8. The mutation status and CCGrepeat allele content are shown.

FIG. 10 is an electropherogram showing the results of amplification ofthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene using reverse primer CGG2 (SEQ ID NO: 6),forward primer FMR1F, and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The samplesused in the assay are the same as in FIG. 8. The mutation status and CCGrepeat allele content are shown.

FIG. 11 is an electropherogram showing the results of amplification ofthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene using reverse primer CGG3 (SEQ ID NO: 7),forward primer FMR1F, and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The samplesused in the assay are the same as in FIG. 8. The mutation status and CCGrepeat allele content are shown.

FIG. 12 is an electropherogram showing the results of amplification ofthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene using reverse primer CGG4 (SEQ ID NO: 8),forward primer FMR1F, and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The samplesused in the assay are the same as in FIG. 8. The mutation status and CCGrepeat allele content are shown.

FIG. 13 is an electropherogram showing the results of amplification ofthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene using reverse primer CGG3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 9),forward primer FMR1F, and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The samplesused in the assay are the same as in FIG. 8.

FIG. 14 is an electropherogram showing the results of amplification ofthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene using reverse primer CGG 4-1 (SEQ ID NO: 10),forward primer FMR1F, and M13R in presence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The samplesused in the assay are the same as in FIG. 8.

FIG. 15 shows exemplary arrangement of CCG triplet sequences relative toeach other in the primer.

FIG. 16 shows exemplary arrangement of CGG triplet sequences relative toeach other in the primer.

FIG. 17 shows an exemplary testing algorithm for samples submitted forFragile X testing. Samples received will be tested using two differentPCR based assays. Reaction 1 can be used for sizing normal, intermediateand small premutations, as well as gender determination using CapillarySouthern Assay (Strom et al. Genet Med. 2007; 9(4):199-207). Reaction 2(triplet primed amplification of the invention) will detect the presenceof expanded alleles and full mutations. Samples showing evidence ofstutter or full mutation amplification will be further analyzed bySouthern blot analysis for methylation status and sizing. As shown inthe figure, the use of triplet primed amplification will significantlyreduce the number of Southern blot analyses to be performed because themethod clearly distinguishes normal homozygous females, which represent˜95% of all female samples from full mutation carriers.

FIG. 18 shows an exemplary result of an CCG repeat-primed PCR assay andsubsequent confirmation by Capillary Southern Analysis (CSA) for thedetection of CGG repeats in the 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene. FIG. 18A is anelectropherogram showing the results CCG repeat-primed PCR assay usingreverse primer FMR1R (SEQ ID NO: 3), forward primer FMR1F, and M13R inpresence of 7-deaza-dGTP. FIG. 18B shows the reconfirmation of theresults CCG repeat-primed PCR assay using the CSA method with genderconfirmation.

FIG. 19 shows the distribution of the 48 premutation alleles of the FMR1gene identified in DNA samples submitted for Cystic Fibrosis screening.

FIG. 20 shows the identification of a full mutation allele (>200 CGGrepeats) of the FMR1 gene in a sample obtained from a Caucasian female.FIG. 20A is an electropherogram showing a late migrating fragment oncapillary electrophoresis as an evidence of full mutation in the FMR1gene. FIG. 20B shows the size separation of restriction endonucleasedigested fragments to indicate the methylation status of CGG repeattract of the 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene. The appearance of additional DNAfragments (shown by arrow) along with the expected fragment sizes isindicative of heterogeneity in DNA methylation.

FIG. 21 shows an exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the 5′-UTR of FMR2gene comprising the CCG repeats (SEQ ID NO: 75).

FIG. 22 A-K shows a schematic representation of the relative position ofthe amplification primers for amplifying CCG repeat tract in the 5′-UTRof FMR2 gene. FIG. 22A shows a forward primer (F) and reverse primer(R1) hybridizing to 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene nucleotide sequences upstreamand downstream of CCG repeat tract respectively. The reverse primers R2and R4, shown in FIGS. 22B and 22D, respectively, hybridize to a portionof CCG repeat, the junction of 3′-end of CCG repeat tract and downstream sequences. The reverse primers R3 and R5, shown in FIGS. 22C and22E, respectively, hybridize randomly to the CCG repeat tract. Reverseprimers R4 and R5, shown in FIGS. 22D and 22E, respectively, furtherinclude a sequence with no homology to FMR2 gene. This sequence iscomplementary to primer R6 which can serve as a primer for subsequentamplification. The forward primers F1 and F3 shown in FIGS. 22G and 22I,respectively, hybridize to a portion (technically the complement) of theCCG repeat and the junction of 5′-end of CCG tract and upstreamsequences. The forward primers F2 and F4 shown in FIGS. 22H and 22J,respectively, hybridize randomly to the CCG repeat sequence (technicallythe complement of this sequence). Forward primers F3 and F4 shown inFIG. 22K further include a sequence with no homology to FMR2 gene. Thissequence is identical to primer F5 which can serve as a primer forsubsequent amplification. After initial rounds of PCR, extended forwardor reverse primers can themselves serve as both templates and primers.This results in various PCR product sizes giving the “stutter” patternupon capillary electrophoresis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Repeat expansion disease includes any of about two dozen human diseasesdisplaying Mendelian inheritance patterns shown to be caused byexpansions of intrinsically polymorphic tandem repeats, mainly involvingdifferent trinucleotide motifs but also longer repetitive sequences upto 12-mers (Table 1). A characteristic of an allele containing anexpanded tandem repeat is an excessive instability in successivegenerations (dynamic mutations). Furthermore, these alleles can differin lengths among cell populations of the same organism (mosaicism). Onetype of repeat expansion disease is the trinucleotide repeat disorders(e.g., fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy 1, etc.), the mostabundant form of repeat expansion diseases. These diseases exhibitintergenerational repeat instability with a tendency towards furtherexpansion of the tandem repeat. Increased repeat lengths in successivegenerations can lead to an earlier age of onset in affected individualsand/or an accentuation of clinical symptoms. The methods of the presentinvention which are experimentally exemplified for determining anexpansion of the CGG repeat tract of the FMR1 gene also are applicableto detecting the same repeat tracts in genes associated with otherdiseases as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Exemplary tandem repeat expansion diseases Tandem Normal Disease(gene repeat Repeat repeat Expanded designation) Protein sequenceLocalization range repeat Dentatorubral- atrophin-1 CAG coding 6-3549-88 pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) Progressive CSTB CCCCGC 5′ UTR 2-3 50-80 myclonus epilepsy CCCGCG (EPM1)# Fragile XA- FMR1 CGG 5′ UTR5-44 >230 syndrome (FRAXA)* Fragile XE- FMR-2 CCG 5′ UTR 6-30 >200syndrome (FMR1)* Friedreich ataxia Frataxin GAA intronic 7-34 >100(FRDA)# Huntington huntingtin CAG coding 4-35  36-250 disease(huntingtin) Huntington junctophilin-3 CTG coding 6-27 >40-60 disease-like 2 (JPH-3) Spinobulbar musc. androgen rec. CAG coding 9-3638-62 atrophy, Kennedy disease (AR)* Myotonic DMPK/SIX5 CTG 3′ UTR 5-37 >50 dystrophy 1 (DM1) Myotonic ZNF9 CCTG intronic 10-26    75->11000dystrophy 2 (DM2) Spinocerebellar ataxin-1 CAG coding 6-44 39-82 ataxia1 (SCA1) Spinocerebellar ataxin-2 CAG coding 15-31  36-63 ataxia 2(SCA2) Spinocerebellar Ataxin-3 CAG coding 12-40  55-84 ataxia 3,Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3) Spinocerebellar CACNA1A CAG coding 4-1821-33 ataxia 6 (SCA6) Spinocerebellar Ataxin-7 CAG coding 4-35  37-306ataxia 7 (SCA7) Spinocerebellar not known CTG 3′ UTR 16-37  110-250ataxia 8 (SCA8) Spinocerebellar Ataxin-10 ATTCT intronic 10-22  800-4600 ataxia 10 (SCA10) Spinocerebellar PP2A-PR55B CAG promotor 7-2866-78 ataxia 12 (SCA12) Spinocerebellar TBP CAG coding 25-42  47-63ataxia 17 (SCA17) Oculopharyngeal PABPN1 GCG coding  6  7-13 musculardystrophy (PABPN1) Synpolydactyly, HOXD13 GCN coding 15 22-24 type II(HOXD13) *= X chromosome; #= autosomal recessive; undesignated =autosomal dominant

Methods of detecting a particular nucleic acid segment of interest in asample of nucleic acids are provided. In particular embodiments, theparticular nucleic acid segment of interest is a tandem repeat and themethod is used to determine information about the size of such tandemrepeat. In some embodiments, the methods are useful for detecting CGGrepeats in the FMR1 gene. In some embodiments, the methods are usefulfor detecting CCG repeats in the FMR2 gene. The methods are useful indetecting over 2,000 CGG and/or CCG repeats in the highly GC rich, CGGcontaining 5′-UTR the region of FMR1 gene and CCG containing 5′-UTR theregion of FMR1 gene respectively. The methods involve amplifying the CGGcontaining 5′-UTR region of the FMR1 gene and/or CCG containing 5′-UTRregion of the FMR2 gene followed by detecting the amplicons. The methodsallow detection of CGG expansions and full mutations in FMR1 gene ofboth males and females. The methods also allow detection of CCGexpansions and full mutations in FMR2 gene of both males and females.The methods can be used on small sample amounts such as a blood spotthat are typically available in newborn screening programs. The methodsare useful to determine the frequency of Fragile X syndrome premutationsand full mutations in non-selected unbiased populations undergoingroutine carrier screening.

FMR1Gene

Human FMR1 gene is located in chromosome X. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) iscaused by expansion and subsequent methylation of the CGG trinucleotiderepeat in the FMR1 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR). Typically, normalrepeat lengths are between 5-44, intermediate are between 45-54,premutation are between 55-200 CGG, while full mutation are greater than200. Exemplary FMR1 genomic nucleic acid sequence comprising the 5′-UTRinclude, but is not limited to, sequence in GenBank accession numberNG_(—)007529 and in L29074. These sequences are incorporated herein byreference. Exemplary FMR1 nucleic acid sequence comprising the 5′-UTR,as well as the start codon and a portion of the beginning of the codingsequence as set forth in GenBank accession number L29074 is disclosed asSEQ ID NO: 12 in US Patent Application Publication 2008/0113355. Thesequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 of US 2008/0113355 is incorporated herein byreference. The CGG repeat tract starts at position 13833 and ends inposition 13962 and is depicted herein in SEQ ID NO: 1.

FMR2Gene

Human FMR2 gene is located in chromosome Xq28, 600 kb distal to FMR1gene. The FMR2 (FRAXE) mutation is an expansion of the CCG containingrepeats in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene that result in the methylation of anearby CpG island. Typically, normal CCG repeat lengths are between6-30, intermediate are between 31-60, permutations are between 61-200and full mutations are greater than 200. Exemplary FMR1 genomic nucleicacid sequence comprising the 5′-UTR include, but is not limited to,sequence in GenBank accession number AH005569. This sequence isincorporated herein by reference. An exemplary sequence of the 5′-UTR ofFMR2 gene comprising the CCG repeats is shown in FIG. 21 and depicted asSEQ ID NO: 75.

Biological Sample Collection and Preparation

The biological sample may be obtained from a stage of life such as afetus, young adult, adult, and the like. In one example, subjects arehumans being tested for the existence expanded CGG repeats in the 5′-UTRof FMR1 gene. In another example, subjects are humans being tested forthe existence expanded CCG repeats in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene. In oneembodiment, the sample may be obtained from an individual who issuspected of having a fragile X syndrome. In another embodiment, thesample may be obtained from a healthy individual who is assumed ofhaving no disease, or a genetic abnormality. In another embodiment, thesample may be obtained from an individual suspected of being a carrierof fragile X syndrome but not affected by the disease.

Sample Collection:

Methods of obtaining samples are well known to those of skill in the artand include, but are not limited to, aspirations, tissue sections,drawing of blood or other fluids, surgical or needle biopsies,collection of paraffin embedded tissue, collection of body fluids,collection of stool, and the like.

The methods can be used to assist with prenatal diagnosis of fragile Xor other triplet repeat disease using any type of embryonic or fetalcell or nucleic acid containing body fluid. Fetal cells can be obtainedthrough the pregnant female, or from a sample of an embryo. Thus, fetalcells are present in amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis, chorionicvilli aspirated by syringe, percutaneous umbilical blood, a fetal skinbiopsy, a blastomere from a four-cell to eight-cell stage embryo(pre-implantation), or a trophectoderm sample from a blastocyst(pre-implantation or by uterine lavage).

Genomic Nucleic Acid:

In one embodiment, nucleic acid is genomic nucleic acid. Genomic nucleicacid may be intact. In another embodiment, genomic nucleic acid may befragmented (e.g., digested with restriction endonucleases, or bysonication or by applying shearing force by methods known in the art).

Sample Preparation:

The nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) may be isolated from the sample accordingto any methods well known to those of skill in the art. If necessary,the sample may be collected or concentrated by centrifugation and thelike. The sample may be subjected to lysis, such as by treatments withenzymes, heat, surfactants, ultrasonication, or a combination thereof.The lysis treatment is performed in order to obtain a sufficient amountof nucleic acid. The sample may be subjected to liquid chromatography topartially purify the genomic nucleic acid.

Suitable DNA isolation methods include phenol and chloroform extraction.See Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, page 16.54 (1989). Numerous commercialkits also yield suitable DNA including, but not limited to, QIAamp™ miniblood kit, Agencourt Genfind™, Roche Cobas® Roche MagNA Pure® orphenol:chloroform extraction using Eppendorf Phase Lock Gels®.

Total DNA (e.g., genomic, mitochondrial, microbial, viral,) can bepurified from any biological sample using commercially available kitse.g. QIAamp DNA and QIAamp DNA Blood mini kits, Qiagen M96 robot andreagents, Qiagen Gentra robot and reagents, and Qiagen 9604 reagents(Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). In one example, blood can be spotted onGuthrie cards. Blood spots can be punched from each card using BSD 1000GenePunch Instrument and DNA was extracted using Qiagen BioSprintreagents.

Genomic DNA may be isolated from cells or tissues using standardmethods, see, e.g., Sambrook, et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview,N.Y.

In another embodiment, sample nucleic acid may be mRNA or cDNA generatedfrom mRNA or total RNA. RNA can be isolated from cells or tissue samplesusing standard techniques, see, e.g., Sambrook, et al., 1989, MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press,Plainview, N.Y. In addition, kits for isolating mRNA and synthesizingcDNA are commercially available e.g. RNeasy Protect Mini kit, RNeasyProtect Cell Mini kit from Qiagen.

Nucleic acid need not be extracted, but may be made available bysuitable treatment of cells or tissue such as described in U.S. Pat. No.7,521,213.

Nucleic Acid Amplification

Nucleic acid comprising triplet repeat sequences can be amplified byvarious methods known to the skilled artisan. In one embodiment, nucleicacid comprising CGG repeat sequences of the FMR1 gene or nucleic acidcomprising CCG repeat sequences of the FMR 2 gene can be amplified byPCR. PCR methods to amplify CGG repeats and CCG repeats include, but arenot limited to, nested PCR which involves a set of outer primer and aset of inner primer, semi-nested PCR which involves a common primer, anoutward primer and an inner primer, and standard PCR with a primer pair.Efficient amplification of the GC rich CGG repeat and CCG repeatcontaining 5-UTR region of FMR 1 and FMR 2 respectively will depend onseveral parameters including, but not limited to, primer location,primer sequence, nucleotide concentrations, use of a dGTP analogue suchas 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP, and inclusion of additives to increase the yield,specificity and consistency.

Primer Locations and Primer Sequences:

Primer Locations for the Detection of CGG Repeats in FMR1 Gene

In one embodiment, the forward and reverse primers may hybridize toregions in the 5′-UTR of the FMR1 gene outside the CGG repeat sequenceas shown in FIG. 2A. In another embodiment, the reverse primer maycomprise one or more CCG triplet sequences and include sequencecomplementary to the junction sequence of the 3′-end of the CGG repeattract and flanking sequence and a portion of the sequence downstream ofthe CGG repeat tract as shown in FIG. 2B. One or more CCG triplets willhybridize to the CGG repeats and permit amplification of the CGG repeatsequences. In yet another embodiment, the reverse primer may compriseone or more CCG triplet sequences without any flanking and junctionsequences such that the reverse primers may hybridize randomly to theCGG repeat sequence and initiate DNA synthesis to generate a broadspectrum of amplicons of varying length or stutter. Exemplary reverseprimers are shown in FIG. 2A-F.

In another embodiment, the forward primer may comprise one or more CGGtriplet sequences, the junction sequence of the 5′-end of the CGG repeattract and flanking sequence and a portion of the sequence upstream ofthe CGG repeat tract as shown in FIG. 2G. One or more CGG triplets willhybridize to the CCG repeats of the complementary strand and permitamplification of the CGG repeat sequences. In yet another embodiment,the forward primer may comprise one or more CGG triplet sequenceswithout any flanking and junction sequences such that the forwardprimers may hybridize randomly to the complementary strand of CGG repeatsequence and initiate DNA synthesis to generate a broad spectrum ofamplicons of varying length or stutter. Exemplary forward primers areshown in FIG. 2G-K.

Primer Locations for the Detection of CCG Repeats in FMR2 Gene

In one embodiment, the forward and reverse primers may hybridize toregions in the 5′-UTR of the FMR2 gene outside the CCG repeat sequenceas shown in FIG. 22A. In another embodiment, the reverse primer maycomprise one or more CGG triplet sequences and include sequencecomplementary to the junction sequence of the 3′-end of the CCG repeattract and flanking sequence and a portion of the sequence downstream ofthe CCG repeat tract as shown in FIG. 22B. One or more CGG triplets willhybridize to the CCG repeats and permit amplification of the CCG repeatsequences. In yet another embodiment, the reverse primer may compriseone or more CGG triplet sequences without any flanking and junctionsequences such that the reverse primers may hybridize randomly to theCCG repeat sequence and initiate DNA synthesis to generate a broadspectrum of amplicons of varying length or stutter. Exemplary reverseprimers are shown in FIG. 22A-F.

In another embodiment, the forward primer may comprise one or more CCGtriplet sequences, the junction sequence of the 5′-end of the CCG repeattract and flanking sequence and a portion of the sequence upstream ofthe CCG repeat tract as shown in FIG. 22G. One or more CCG triplets willhybridize to the CGG repeats of the complementary strand and permitamplification of the CCG repeat sequences. In yet another embodiment,the forward primer may comprise one or more CCG triplet sequenceswithout any flanking and junction sequences such that the forwardprimers may hybridize randomly to the complementary strand of CCG repeatsequence and initiate DNA synthesis to generate a broad spectrum ofamplicons of varying length or stutter. Exemplary forward primers areshown in FIG. 22G-K.

In some embodiments, the one or more primers can be labeled with adetectable label. Exemplary detectable label includes but not limited tofluorophores, radiolabels, chemiluminiscent compound, colorimetriclabels (e.g., colloidal gold), magnetic labels (e.g., Dynabeads™),biotin, digoxigenin, haptens, proteins, enzymes.

In some embodiments, the forward or the reverse or both primers maycomprise degenerate bases. In some embodiments, the forward or thereverse or both primers may comprise universal bases. Exemplaryuniversal bases include 3-nitropyrrole, 5′-nitroindole.

In some embodiments, the forward or the reverse or both primers mayfurther comprise an optional sequence at the 5′-end that has no homologywith the target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 75 (see, FIGS. 2D-F, 2 I-K, 22 D-F, and 22 I-K). Such 5′-end sequences can be 6-50nucleotides in length, 10-30 nucleotides in length, or 15-25 nucleotidesin length. In one embodiment, the optional 5′-end sequence may be frombacteriophage M13 or from T7 promoter. In another embodiment, theoptional 5′-end sequence may be a random sequence. After a few rounds ofamplification, the resulting amplicons will comprise the optional 5′-endsequence. These 5′-end sequences can be utilized as template for furtherround of amplification using primers hybridizing to these 5′-endsequences. Exemplary M13 5′-end sequence is shown below and listed asSEQ ID NO:

(SEQ ID NO: 11) CAGGAAACAGCTATGAC 

Exemplary T7 promoter sequence is shown below and listed as SEQ ID NO:70.

(SEQ ID NO: 70) TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG 

In some embodiments, the PCR reaction may be a semi-nested PCR, suchthat there is a common forward primer and an inner and outer reverseprimer as shown in FIGS. 2F and 22F.

Primers Flanking the CGG Repeat Region of FMR1 Gene:

Methods for designing suitable primers that hybridize to the 5′-UTR ofthe FMR1 gene as exemplified in SEQ ID NO: 1 (or SEQ ID NO: 12 of US2008/0113355) are known in the art such as H. Erlich, PCR Technology,Principles and Application for DNA Amplification (1989). In oneembodiment, the 5′-primer (forward primer) can hybridize to the 5′-UTRwithin 500 or fewer nucleotides, within 300 or fewer nucleotides, within200 or fewer nucleotides, within 100 or fewer nucleotides, within 50 orfewer nucleotides, within 25 or fewer nucleotides 5′ of nucleotideposition of 13833 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the 3′-primer(reverse primer) can hybridize to the 5′-UTR within 500 or fewernucleotides, within 300 or fewer nucleotides, within 200 or fewernucleotides, within 100 or fewer nucleotides, within 50 or fewernucleotides, within 25 or fewer nucleotides of 3′ of nucleotide positionof 13962 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Exemplary primers hybridizing to 5′-UTRflanking the CGG repeat region of FMR1 gene are provided below:

(SEQ ID NO: 12) Forward: 5′-GCTCAGCTCCGTTTCGGTTTCACTTCCGGT-3′(SEQ ID NO: 13) Reverse: 5′-AGCCCCGCACTTCCACTTTCGGTTTCACTTCCGGT-3′

Primers Flanking the CCG Repeat Region of FMR2 Gene:

Methods for designing suitable primers that hybridize to the 5′-UTR ofthe FMR2 gene as exemplified in SEQ ID NO: 75 are known in the art suchas H. Erlich, PCR Technology, Principles and Application for DNAAmplification (1989). In one embodiment, the 5′-primer (forward primer)can hybridize to the 5′-UTR within 500 or fewer nucleotides, within 300or fewer nucleotides, within 200 or fewer nucleotides, within 100 orfewer nucleotides, within 50 or fewer nucleotides, within 25 or fewernucleotides 5′ of nucleotide position of 21 of SEQ ID NO: 75. In anotherembodiment, the 3′-primer (reverse primer) can hybridize to the 5′-UTRwithin 500 or fewer nucleotides, within 300 or fewer nucleotides, within200 or fewer nucleotides, within 100 or fewer nucleotides, within 50 orfewer nucleotides, within 25 or fewer nucleotides of 3′ of nucleotideposition of 65 of SEQ ID NO: 75. Exemplary primers hybridizing to 5′-UTRflanking the CCG repeat region of FMR2 gene are provided below:

(SEQ ID NO: 76) Forward: 5′-CGCCGCCTGTGCAGCCGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 77)Reverse: 5-GCCCCGGCTGCCGCGCCGCG-3′

Reverse Primers with CCG Triplet Sequences for Detecting CGG RepeatTract in the 5′-UTR of FMR1 Gene:

Reverse primers with one or more CCG triplet sequences will hybridize tothe CGG repeats sequences and permit amplification of the repeat region.The reverse primers may vary in the number of CCG triplet sequences from1-40 CCG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise atleast: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or more CCG triplets.In some embodiments, the primers may comprise at least 10 consecutiveCCG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise less thanthree CCG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise lessthan three consecutive CCG triplets. In one embodiment, the primerscomprise two consecutive CCG triplets. In some embodiments, the primersmay comprise at least two sets of two consecutive CCG triplets: (CCG)₂.In some embodiments, at least two sets of two consecutive CCG tripletsare separated from each other by at least one nucleotide. In someembodiments, the linking nucleotides can be A or T. In some embodiments,the nucleotides linking the two consecutive CCG triplets (CCG)₂ may forma stem loop structure. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise twoconsecutive CCG triplets (CCG)₂ and additional nucleotides at the 5′-and 3′-end. In some embodiments, two sets of two consecutive CCGtriplets (CCG)₂ are linked to each other through non-phosphodiesterlinkage. Exemplary non-nucleotide linkers include C4, C6, C8, C10linkers, polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers: PEG₄, PEG₆, PEG₁₀, PEG₁₂,peptide nucleic acid linkage, phosphorothoioester linkage. Exemplaryarrangements of CCG triplets relative to each other are shown in FIG.15. Optionally the primers comprising one or more CCG triplets of FIG.15 may further comprise a sequence at the 5′-end that has at least 90%homology to the sequence directly downstream (i.e. at the 3′-end) of theCGG repeat tract. In some embodiments, such sequence can be at least 3,5, 10 or more nucleotides.

In some embodiments, reverse primers comprising one or more CCG tripletsmay further comprise an optional sequence at the 5′-end that has nohomology with the target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments,the optional sequence at the 5′-end that has no homology to humangenome. In some embodiments, reverse primers comprising one or more CCGtriplets may comprise a second portion and a third portion at the 5′-endof CCG triplets segment such that the second portion comprises asequence that has at least 90% homology to the sequence directlydownstream (i.e. at the 3′-end) of the CGG repeat tract and the thirdportion, which is at the 5′-end of the second portion, comprises asequence that has no homology with the target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1(or any of the FMR1 gene).

Exemplary reverse primer sequences comprising CCG triplets are shown inthe table below.

TABLE 2 Reverse primers having one or more CCG triplets SEQ IDReverse Primer Sequence NO: CGCCGCCGCC 14 CCGCCGACCGCCG 15 CCGCCGTCCGCCG16 CCGCCGGCCGCCG 17 CCGCCGCCCGCCG 18 CGCCGCCGACGCCGCCGCC 19CGCCGCCGTCGCCGCCGCC 20 CGCCGCCGGCGCCGCCGCC 21 CGCCGCCGCCCGCCGCC 22CTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCG 23 CTCGAGGCCCAGCCGTCGCCG 24 CTCGAGGCCCAGCCGACGCCG 25CTCGAGGCCCAGCCGGCGCCG 26 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGCCG 27CAGGAAACAGCTATGACGCCGCCGCC 28 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGCCGACCGCCG 29CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGCCGTCCGCCG 30 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGCCGGCCGCCG 31CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGCCGCCCGCCG 32 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACGCCGCCGACGCCGCCGCC 33CAGGAAACAGCTATGACGCCGCCGTCGCCGCCGCC 34CAGGAAACAGCTATGACGCCGCCGGCGCCGCCGCC 35 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACGCCGCCGCCCGCCGCC36 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCTCGAGGCCCACCGCCG 37CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGTCGCCGCCG 38CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGACGCCGCCG 39CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGGCGCCGCCG 40CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCGCCGCCG 71 CCCAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCGCCGCCG 72 CCGCCCAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCGCC 73CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCG 74

Forward Primers with CGG Triplet Sequences for Detecting CGG RepeatTract in the 5′-Utr of FMR1 Gene:

Forward primers with one or more CGG triplet sequences will hybridize tothe complementary strand of CGG repeats sequences and permitamplification of the repeat region. The forward primers may vary in thenumber of CGG triplet sequences from 1-40 CGG triplets. In someembodiments, the primers may comprise at least: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more CGG triplets. In some embodiments, theprimers may comprise at least 10 consecutive CGG triplets. In someembodiments, the primers may comprise less than three CGG triplets. Insome embodiments, the primers may comprise less than three consecutiveCGG triplets. In one embodiment, the primers comprise two consecutiveCGG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise at least twosets of two consecutive CGG triplets: (CGG)₂. In some embodiments, atleast two sets of two consecutive CGG triplets are separated from eachother by at least one nucleotide. In some embodiments, the linkingnucleotides can be A or T. In some embodiments, the nucleotides linkingthe two consecutive CGG triplets (CGG)₂ may form a stem loop structure.In some embodiments, the primers may comprise two consecutive CGGtriplets (CGG)₂ and additional nucleotides at the 5′- and 3′-end. Insome embodiments, two sets of two consecutive CGG triplets (CGG)₂ arelinked to each other through non-phosphodiester linkage. Exemplarynon-nucleotide linkers include C4, C6, C8, C10 linkers, polyethyleneglycol (PEG) linkers: PEG₄, PEG₆, PEG₁₀, PEG₁₂, peptide nucleic acidlinkage, phosphorothoioester linkage. Exemplary arrangements of CGGtriplets are shown in FIG. 16. Optionally the primers comprising one ormore CGG triplets of FIG. 16 may further comprise a sequence at the5′-end that has at least 90% homology to the sequence directly upstream(i.e. at the 5′-end) of the CGG repeat tract. In some embodiments, suchsequence can be at least 3, 5, 10 or more nucleotides. In someembodiments, forward primers comprising one or more CGG triplets of FIG.16 may further comprise an optional sequence at the 5′-end that has nohomology with the target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments,the optional sequence at the 5′-end that has no homology to humangenome. In some embodiments, forward primers comprising one or more CGGtriplets of FIG. 16 may comprise a second portion and a third portion atthe 5′-end of one or more CGG triplets such that the second portioncomprises a sequence that has at least 90% homology to sequence directlyupstream (i.e. at the 5′-end) of the CGG repeat tract, and the thirdportion, which is at the 5′-end of the second portion, comprises asequence that has no homology with the target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1(or any of the FMR1 gene).

Exemplary forward primer sequences comprising CCG triplets are shown inthe table below.

TABLE 3 Forward primers having one or more CGG triplets SEQ IDForward Primer Sequence NO: CGCGGCGGCG 41 CGGCGGACGGCGG 42 CGGCGGTCGGCGG43 CGGCGGGCGGCGG 44 CGGCGGCCGGCGG 45 GGCGGCGGAGGCGGCGGCG 46GGCGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCG 47 GGCGGCGGGGGCGGCGGCG 48 GGCGGCGGCCGGCGGCG 49CGTGCIGCAGCGCGGCGG 50 CGTGCIGCAGCGCGGTGGCGG 51 CGTGCIGCAGCGCGGAGGCGG 52CGTGCIGCAGCGCGGGGGCGG 53 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCGGCGG 54CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCGGCGGCG 55 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCGGCGGACGGCGG 56CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCGGCGGTCGGCGG 57 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCGGCGGCCGGCGG 58CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCGGCGGGCGGCGG 59 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGGCGGAGGCGGCGGCG 60CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCG 61CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGGCGGGGGCGGCGGCG 62 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGGCGGCCGGCGGCG63 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGGCGGTCGGCGGCG 64CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGGCGGGCGGCGGCG 65 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGGCGGACGGCGGCG66 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGTGCIGCAGCGCGGTGGCGGCGG 67CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGTGCIGCAGCGCGGAGGCGGCGG 68CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGTGCIGCAGCGCGGGGGCGGCGG 69

Reverse Primers with CGG Triplet Sequences for Detecting CCG RepeatTract in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 Gene:

Reverse primers with one or more CGG triplet sequences will hybridize tothe CCG repeats sequences and permit amplification of the repeat region.The reverse primers may vary in the number of CGG triplet sequences from1-40 CGG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise atleast: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more CGGtriplets. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise at least 10consecutive CGG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers may compriseless than three CGG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers maycomprise less than three consecutive CGG triplets. In one embodiment,the primers comprise two consecutive CGG triplets. In some embodiments,the primers may comprise at least two sets of two consecutive CGGtriplets: (CGG)₂. In some embodiments, at least two sets of twoconsecutive CGG triplets are separated from each other by at least onenucleotide. In some embodiments, the linking nucleotides can be A or T.In some embodiments, the nucleotides linking the two consecutive CGGtriplets (CGG)₂ may form a stem loop structure. In some embodiments, theprimers may comprise two consecutive CGG triplets (CGG)₂ and additionalnucleotides at the 5′- and 3′-end. In some embodiments, two sets of twoconsecutive CGG triplets (CGG)₂ are linked to each other throughnon-phosphodiester linkage. Exemplary non-nucleotide linkers include C4,C6, C8, C10 linkers, polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers: PEG₄, PEG₆,PEG₁₀, PEG₁₂, peptide nucleic acid linkage, phosphorothoioester linkage.Exemplary arrangements of CGG triplets are shown in FIG. 16. Optionallythe primers comprising one or more CGG triplets of FIG. 16 may furthercomprise a sequence at the 5′-end that has at least 90% homology to thesequence directly downstream (i.e. at the 3′-end) of the CCG repeattract. In some embodiments, such sequence can be at least 3, 5, 10 ormore nucleotides. In some embodiments, reverse primers comprising one ormore CGG triplets of FIG. 16 may further comprise an optional sequenceat the 5′-end that has no homology with the target sequence of SEQ IDNO: 75. In some embodiments, the optional sequence at the 5′-end thathas no homology to human genome. In some embodiments, reverse primerscomprising one or more CGG triplets of FIG. 16 may comprise a secondportion and a third portion at the 5′-end of one or more CGG tripletssuch that the second portion comprises a sequence that has at least 90%homology to sequence directly downstream (i.e. at the 3′-end) of the CCGrepeat tract, and the third portion, which is at the 5′-end of thesecond portion, comprises a sequence that has no homology with thetarget sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75 (or any of the FMR2 gene).

Exemplary reverse primer sequences comprising CGG triplets for detectingCCG repeat tract in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene can be any of the CGGtriplet containing forward primers used to detect CGG repeat tract inthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene as listed in Table 3 above.

Forward Primers with CCG Triplet Sequences for Detecting CCG RepeatTract in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 Gene:

Forward primers with one or more CCG triplet sequences will hybridize tothe complementary strand of CCG repeats sequences and permitamplification of the repeat region. The forward primers may vary in thenumber of CCG triplet sequences from 1-40 CCG triplets. In someembodiments, the primers may comprise at least: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more CCG triplets. In some embodiments, theprimers may comprise at least 10 consecutive CCG triplets. In someembodiments, the primers may comprise less than three CCG triplets. Insome embodiments, the primers may comprise less than three consecutiveCCG triplets. In one embodiment, the primers comprise two consecutiveCCG triplets. In some embodiments, the primers may comprise at least twosets of two consecutive CCG triplets: (CCG)₂. In some embodiments, atleast two sets of two consecutive CCG triplets are separated from eachother by at least one nucleotide. In some embodiments, the linkingnucleotides can be A or T. In some embodiments, the nucleotides linkingthe two consecutive CCG triplets (CCG)₂ may form a stem loop structure.In some embodiments, the primers may comprise two consecutive CCGtriplets (CCG)₂ and additional nucleotides at the 5′- and 3′-end. Insome embodiments, two sets of two consecutive CCG triplets (CCG)₂ arelinked to each other through non-phosphodiester linkage. Exemplarynon-nucleotide linkers include C4, C6, C8, C10 linkers, polyethyleneglycol (PEG) linkers: PEG₄, PEG₆, PEG₁₀, PEG₁₂, peptide nucleic acidlinkage, phosphorothoioester linkage. Exemplary arrangements of CCGtriplets relative to each other are shown in FIG. 15. Optionally theprimers comprising one or more CCG triplets of FIG. 15 may furthercomprise a sequence at the 5′-end that has at least 90% homology to thesequence directly upstream (i.e. at the 5′-end) of the CCG repeat tract.In some embodiments, such sequence can be at least 3, 5, 10 or morenucleotides.

In some embodiments, forward primers comprising one or more CCG tripletsmay further comprise an optional sequence at the 5′-end that has nohomology with the target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75. In some embodiments,the optional sequence at the 5′-end that has no homology to humangenome. In some embodiments, forward primers comprising one or more CCGtriplets may comprise a second portion and a third portion at the 5′-endof CCG triplets segment such that the second portion comprises asequence that has at least 90% homology to the sequence directlyupstream (i.e. at the 5′-end) of the CGG repeat tract and the thirdportion, which is at the 5′-end of the second portion, comprises asequence that has no homology with the target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75(or any of the FMR2 gene).

Exemplary forward primer sequences comprising CCG triplets for detectingCCG repeat tract in the 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene can be any of the CCGtriplet containing reverse primers used to detect CGG repeat tract inthe 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene as listed in Table 2 above.

PCR Assay Condition:

Exemplary PCR assay mix may comprise 1×PCR buffer; 2 mM MgCl₂; 6% DMSO(Sigma); 1.7% Q solution (Qiagen); 0.2 mM each of dGTP, dATP, dCTP, anddTTP; 1 unit of Roche FastStarTaq polymerase; and 0.6 μM each of theforward primer, reverse primer, and M13 reverse linker primer. The dNTPconcentration can vary from 50-300 uM.

Optionally, dGTP may be partially or completely replaced with a dGTPanalogue such as 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP to improve the amplificationefficiency of the highly GC rich CGG repeat sequence. dGTP analogues aredescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,658,764 and 4,804,748. 7-deaza-dGTPprevents the Hoogsteen bond formation without interfering Watson-Crickbase pairing and is incorporated by Taq polymerase (Seela et al.Biochemistry 1982; 21: 4338-4343). Several reagents may optionally beadded to the PCR reaction mixture to improve amplification efficiency ofthe highly GC rich CGG repeat sequence of FMR1 gene and CCG repeatsequence of FMR2 gene. Exemplary reagents include but not limited tobetaine, formamide, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In oneembodiment, the betaine concentration may be from 1M to 3M. In someembodiments, the betaine concentration can be 1.5M to 2.5M. In someembodiments, the DMSO concentration can be between 1%-3%. In some otherembodiments, the DMSO concentration can be 1.5%. The PCR assay mayfurther include controls such as positive controls and negativecontrols. Exemplary controls include nucleic acid samples with knownstatus of CGG repeats for FMR1 gene and CCG repeats for FMR2 gene.Positive controls for normal or wild type FMR1 gene (i.e., less than 55tandem CGG repeats), the premutation (55-200 tandem CGG repeats), andthe full mutation (greater than 200 tandem CGG repeats) may be used.Similarly, for FMR2 gene, positive controls for normal or wild type FMR2gene (i.e., less than 31 tandem CCG repeats), the premutation (60-200tandem CCG repeats), and the full mutation (greater than 200 tandem CCGrepeats) may be used.

Nucleic Acid Detection

Expansion of CGG repeats in the 5′-UTR of the FMR1 gene and CCG repeatsin the 5′-UTR of the FMR2 gene can be detected by methods known in theart. Exemplary methods include but are not limited to sequencing,hybridization of specific probes such as Southern blot, detection bysize such as by capillary electrophoresis, column chromatography or massspectrometry. Detectable labels can be used to identify the probehybridized to a nucleic acid such as genomic nucleic acid. Detectablelabels include but are not limited to fluorophores, isotopes (e.g., ³²P,³³P, ³⁵S, ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I), electron-dense reagents (e.g., gold,silver), nanoparticles, enzymes commonly used in an ELISA (e.g.,horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkalinephosphatase), chemiluminiscent compound, colorimetric labels (e.g.,colloidal gold), magnetic labels (e.g., Dynabeads™), biotin,digoxigenin, haptens, proteins for which antisera or monoclonalantibodies are available, ligands, hormones, oligonucleotides capable offorming a complex with the corresponding oligonucleotide complement.

Probes

Oligonucleotide probes can be designed which are between about 10 andabout 100 nucleotides in length and hybridize to the amplified region.Oligonucleotides probes are preferably 12 to 70 nucleotides; morepreferably 15-60 nucleotides in length; and most preferably 15-25nucleotides in length. The probe may be labeled. Amplified fragments maybe detected using standard gel electrophoresis methods. For example, inpreferred embodiments, amplified fractions are separated on an agarosegel and stained with ethidium bromide by methods known in the art todetect amplified fragments or may be detected by Southern blot.

Hybridization

The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands hassignificant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridizationbetween nucleic acid strands. This is of particular importance indetection methods that depend upon binding between nucleic acids. In oneembodiment, the complementarity between the probe and the genomicnucleic acid may be “partial” in which only some of the nucleic acids'bases are matched according to the base pairing rules. In anotherembodiment, complementarity between the probe and the genomic nucleicacid may be “complete,” “total,” or “full”.

The methods of the present invention can incorporate all known methodsand means and variations thereof for carrying out DNA hybridization,see, e.g., Sambrook, et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.

The nucleic acid such as genomic nucleic acids and probes chosen for thenucleic acids are contacted under hybridization conditions.Hybridization conditions for nucleic acids in the methods of the presentinvention are well known in the art. For example, hybridizationconditions may be high, moderate or low stringency conditions. Ideally,nucleic acids will hybridize only to complementary nucleic acids andwill not hybridize to other non-complementary nucleic acids in thesample. The hybridization conditions can be varied to alter the degreeof stringency in the hybridization and reduce background signals as isknown in the art. For example, if the hybridization conditions are highstringency conditions, a nucleic acid will detectably bind to nucleicacid target sequences with a very high degree of complementarity. Lowstringency hybridization conditions will allow for hybridization ofsequences with some degree of sequence divergence. The hybridizationconditions will vary depending on the biological sample, and the typeand sequence of nucleic acids. One skilled in the art will know how tooptimize the hybridization conditions to practice the methods of thepresent invention.

Exemplary hybridization conditions are as follows. High stringencygenerally refers to conditions that permit hybridization of only thosenucleic acid sequences that form stable hybrids in 0.018M NaCl at 65° C.High stringency conditions can be provided, for example, byhybridization in 50% formamide, 5×Denhardt's solution, 5×SSC (salinesodium citrate) 0.2% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 42° C., followedby washing in 0.1×SSC, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Moderate stringency refersto conditions equivalent to hybridization in 50% formamide, 5×Denhardt'ssolution, 5×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 42° C., followed by washing in 0.2×SSC,0.2% SDS, at 65° C. Low stringency refers to conditions equivalent tohybridization in 10% formamide, 5×Denhardt's solution, 6×SSC, 0.2% SDS,followed by washing in 1×SSC, 0.2% SDS, at 50° C.

Detectable Label

The term “detectable label” as used herein refers to a molecule or acompound or a group of molecules or a group of compounds associated witha probe or primer and is used to identify the probe hybridized to agenomic nucleic acid or reference nucleic acid or the amplicon intowhich the primer incorporated.

Detectable labels include but are not limited to fluorophores, isotopes(e.g. 32P, 33P, 35S, 3H, 14C, 125I, 131I), electron-dense reagents(e.g., gold, silver), nanoparticles, enzymes commonly used in an ELISA(e.g., horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkalinephosphatase), chemiluminiscent compound, colorimetric labels (e.g.,colloidal gold), magnetic labels (e.g., Dynabeads™), biotin,digoxigenin, haptens, proteins for which antisera or monoclonalantibodies are available, ligands, hormones, oligonucleotides capable offorming a complex with the corresponding oligonucleotide complement.

In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. Suitablefluorescent moieties include but are not limited to the followingfluorophores working individually or in combination:

-   4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′ disulfonic acid; acridine    and derivatives: acridine, acridine isothiocyanate; Alexa Fluors:    Alexa Fluor® 350, Alexa Fluor® 488, Alexa Fluor®546, Alexa Fluor    555, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 647 (Molecular    Probes); 5-(2′-aminoethyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS);    4-amino-N-[3-vinylsulfonyl)phenyl]naphthalimide-3,5 disulfonate    (Lucifer Yellow VS); N-(4-anilino-1-naphthyl)maleimide;    anthranilamide; Black Hole Quencher™ (BHQ™) dyes (biosearch    Technologies); BODIPY dyes: BODIPY® R-6G, BOPIPY® 530/550, BODIPY®    FL; Brilliant Yellow; coumarin and derivatives: coumarin,    7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC, Coumarin    120),7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcouluarin (Coumarin 151); Cy2®, Cy3®,    Cy3.5®, Cy5®, Cy5.5®; cyanosine; 4′,6-diaminidino-2-phenylindole    (DAPI); 5′,5″-dibromopyrogallol-sulfonephthalein (Bromopyrogallol    Red); 7-diethylamino-3-(4′-isothiocyanatophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin;    diethylenetriamine pentaacetate;    4,4′-diisothiocyanatodihydro-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid;    4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid;    5-[dimethylamino]naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DNS, dansyl    chloride); 4-(4′-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid (DABCYL);    4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4′-isothiocyanate (DABITC); Eclipse™    (Epoch Biosciences Inc.); eosin and derivatives: eosin, eosin    isothiocyanate; erythrosin and derivatives: erythrosin B, erythrosin    isothiocyanate; ethidium; fluorescein and derivatives:    5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM),    5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl)aminofluorescein (DTAF),    2′,7′-dimethoxy-4′5′-dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (JOE),    fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC),    hexachloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (HEX), QFITC(XRITC),    tetrachlorofluorescein (TET); fluorescamine; IR144; IR1446;    lanthamide phosphors; Malachite Green isothiocyanate;    4-methylumbelliferone; ortho cresolphthalein; nitrotyrosine;    pararosaniline; Phenol Red; B-phycoerythrin, R-phycoerythrin;    allophycocyanin; o-phthaldialdehyde; Oregon Green®; propidium    iodide; pyrene and derivatives: pyrene, pyrene butyrate,    succinimidyl 1-pyrene butyrate; QSY® 7; QSY® 9; QSY® 21; QSY® 35    (Molecular Probes); Reactive Red 4 (Cibacron® Brilliant Red 3B-A);    rhodamine and derivatives: 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX),    6-carboxyrhodamine (R6G), lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride,    rhodamine (Rhod), rhodamine B, rhodamine 123, rhodamine green,    rhodamine X isothiocyanate, riboflavin, rosolic acid, sulforhodamine    B, sulforhodamine 101, sulfonyl chloride derivative of    sulforhodamine 101 (Texas Red); terbium chelate derivatives;    N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (TAMRA); tetramethyl    rhodamine; tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC).

Other fluorescent nucleotide analogs can be used, see, e.g., Jameson etal. Meth. Enzymol. 1997; 278: 363-390; Zhu et al. Nucleic Acids Res.1994; 22: 3418-3422. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,652,099 and 6,268,132 alsodescribe nucleoside analogs for incorporation into nucleic acids, e.g.,DNA and/or RNA, or oligonucleotides, via either enzymatic or chemicalsynthesis to produce fluorescent oligonucleotides. U.S. Pat. No.5,135,717 describes phthalocyanine and tetrabenztriazaporphyrin reagentsfor use as fluorescent labels.

The detectable label can be incorporated into, associated with orconjugated to a nucleic acid. Label can be attached by spacer arms ofvarious lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance or impact on otheruseful or desired properties. See, e.g., Mansfield et al. Mol. Cell.Probes. 1995; 9:145-156.

Detectable labels can be incorporated into nucleic acid probes bycovalent or non-covalent means, e.g., by transcription, such as byrandom-primer labeling using Klenow polymerase, or nick translation, or,amplification, or equivalent as is known in the art. For example, anucleotide base is conjugated to a detectable moiety, such as afluorescent dye, e.g., Cy3™ or Cy5,™ and then incorporated into nucleicacid probes during nucleic acid synthesis or amplification. Nucleic acidprobes can thereby be labeled when synthesized using Cy3™- or Cy5™-dCTPconjugates mixed with unlabeled dCTP.

Detection of Nucleic Acid by Size:

Methods for detecting the presence or amount of polynucleotides are wellknown in the art and any of them can be used in the methods describedherein so long as they are capable of separating individualpolynucleotides by the difference in size of the amplicons. Theseparation technique used should permit resolution of nucleic acid aslong as they differ from one another by at least one nucleotide. Theseparation can be performed under denaturing or under non-denaturing ornative conditions—i.e., separation can be performed on single- ordouble-stranded nucleic acids. It is preferred that the separation anddetection permits detection of length differences as small as onenucleotide. It is further preferred that the separation and detectioncan be done in a high-throughput format that permits real time orcontemporaneous determination of amplicon abundance in a plurality ofreaction aliquots taken during the cycling reaction. Useful methods forthe separation and analysis of the amplified products include, but arenot limited to, electrophoresis (e.g., agarose gel electrophoresis,capillary electrophoresis (CE)), chromatography (HPLC), and massspectrometry.

In one embodiment, CE is a preferred separation means because itprovides exceptional separation of the polynucleotides in the range ofat least 10-3,000 base pairs with a resolution of a single base pair. CEcan be performed by methods well known in the art, for example, asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,217,731; 6,001,230; and 5,963,456, whichare incorporated herein by reference. High-throughput CE apparatuses areavailable commercially, for example, the HTS9610 High throughputanalysis system and SCE 9610 fully automated 96-capillaryelectrophoresis genetic analysis system from Spectrumedix Corporation(State College, Pa.); P/ACE 5000 series and CEQ series from BeckmanInstruments Inc (Fullerton, Calif.); and ABI PRISM 3730 genetic analyzer(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). Near the end of the CEcolumn, in these devices the amplified DNA fragments pass a fluorescentdetector which measures signals of fluorescent labels. These apparatusesprovide automated high throughput for the detection offluorescence-labeled PCR products.

The employment of CE in the methods described herein permits higherproductivity compared to conventional slab gel electrophoresis. By usinga capillary gel, the separation speed is increased about 10 fold overconventional slab-gel systems.

With CE, one can also analyze multiple samples at the same time, whichis essential for high-throughput. This is achieved, for example, byemploying multi-capillary systems. In some instances, the detection offluorescence from DNA bases may be complicated by the scattering oflight from the porous matrix and capillary walls. However, a confocalfluorescence scanner can be used to avoid problems due to lightscattering (Quesada et al. Biotechniques. 1991; 10: 616-25.

In some embodiments, nucleic acid may be analyzed and detected by sizeusing agarose gel electrophoresis. Methods of performing agarose gelelectrophoresis are well known in the art. See Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed.) (1989), Cold SpringHarbor Press, N.Y.

In some embodiments, nucleic acid may be analyzed by HPLC. HPLC columnsfor separation of nucleic acid are available commercially such asHYDROCELL NS1500, DEAE NP 10, QA NP 10 columns from Biochrom Labs Inc.(1N, USA) allow separation of nucleic acids. Ion pair reverse phase HPLCcan also be used for DNA fragment analysis.

DNA Sequencing:

In some embodiments, detection of nucleic acid is by DNA sequencing.Sequencing may be carried out by the dideoxy chain termination method ofSanger et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1977; 74: 5463-5467) withmodifications by Zimmermann et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18: 1067.Sequencing by dideoxy chain termination method can be performed usingThermo Sequenase (Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.), Sequenasereagents from US Biochemicals or Sequatherm sequencing kit (EpicenterTechnologies, Madison, Wis.). Sequencing may also be carried out by the“RR dRhodamine Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit” from PE AppliedBiosystems (product no. 403044, Weiterstadt, Germany), Taq DyeDeoxy™Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit and method (Perkin-Elmer/AppliedBiosystems) in two directions using an Applied Biosystems Model 373A DNAor in the presence of dye terminators CEQ™ Dye Terminator CycleSequencing Kit, (Beckman 608000).

Alternatively, sequencing can be performed by a method known asPyrosequencing (Pyrosequencing, Westborough, Mass.). Detailed protocolsfor Pyrosequencing can be found in: Alderborn et al. Genome Res. 2000;10: 1249-1265.

Correlation of the Number of CGG Repeats in 5′-Utr of FMR1 Gene and CCGRepeats in 5′-Utr of FMR2 Gene to Normal or Carrier/Affected Status

In some embodiments, individuals that are afflicted with a diseaseassociated with an expansion of the CGG repeat region of the FMR1 genecan be distinguished from those that are normal. In some embodiments, anucleic acid sample from the individual comprising the CGG repeat regionis amplified using primers having one or more CCG triplets generatebroad range of amplicons having varying lengths. The amplicons areseparated into fractions according to size to have a distinctive patternof tapering or “stutter”. Male and female individuals can bedifferentiated into normal (5-44 CGG repeats), intermediate, premutation(55-200 CGG repeats), and full mutation alleles (>200 CGG repeats) basedon the size separation of the amplicons.

In some embodiments, individuals that are afflicted with a diseaseassociated with an expansion of the CCG repeat region of the FMR2 genecan be distinguished from those that are normal. In some embodiments, anucleic acid sample from the individual comprising the CCG repeat regionis amplified using primers having one or more CGG triplets generatebroad range of amplicons having varying lengths. The amplicons areseparated into fractions according to size to have a distinctive patternof tapering or “stutter”. Male and female individuals can bedifferentiated into normal (6-30 CCG repeats), intermediate (31-60),premutation (61-200 CCG repeats), and full mutation alleles (>200 CCGrepeats) based on the size separation of the amplicons.

Approaches to Patient Screening for FMR1CGG Repeat Mutation Status andFMR2CCG Repeat Mutation Status

In one embodiment, individuals may be tested for FMR1CGG mutation statususing the triplet primed amplification method of the invention incombination with other assays. In another embodiment, individuals may betested for FMR2CCG mutation status using the triplet primedamplification method of the invention in combination with other assays.One such assay also known as Capillary Southern Assay (CSA) wasdescribed by Strom et al. (Genet Med. 2007; 9(4):199-207) (see also US20080124709 by Strom et al.). In the method described by Strom et al.,gender of the nucleic acid sample is first confirmed by using an initialmultiplex PCR that amplifies the FMR1 comprising the CGG tripletrepeats, a region of the amelogenin gene that yields different fragmentsizes from the X and Y chromosomes for gender determination, and apolymorphic region of the androgen insensitivity gene used as aninternal control. The amplicons from the initial PCR reaction are thenanalyzed by an automated capillary DNA sequencer. After the initial PCRreaction and gender determination, the samples are further analyzed bythe CSA method. The method involves restriction digestion of nucleicacid comprising the FMR1 gene and the 5′-UTR into multiple fragments andseparating the fragments by capillary electrophoresis. The presence orabsence of FMR1 gene is detected in the size separated fragments by genespecific PCR. The size of the fractions is indicative of CGG repeatexpansion.

The triplet primed amplification method of the invention is useful foridentifying larger premutations and full mutations. The CSA methodenables accurate sizing of repeat number in the normal, intermediate,and small premutation zone as well as genderidentification/confirmation. The combination of both the CSA method andtriplet primed amplification for each individual would yield results forboth males and females, and this would serve the purpose for carrierand/or newborn screening. The triplet primed amplification method shouldsignificantly reduce the number of Southern blot analyses to beperformed as the method clearly distinguishes normal homozygous females,which represent 95% of all female samples from full mutation carriers. Aschematics of the two different assays run simultaneously fordetermining CGG repeat expansion is shown in FIG. 17.

The CSA method of Strom et al. can also be applied to the detection andconfirmation of CCG repeat mutation status of FMR2 gene. In someembodiments, the FMR1CGG mutation status and the FMR2CCG mutation statuscan be determined simultaneously in a single assay. In anotherembodiment, the FMR1CGG mutation status and the FMR2CCG mutation statuscan be determined using the same sample using two separate assays.

Estimation of Premutation and Full Mutation Frequency in FMR1 Gene

In some embodiments, estimation of the number of CGG triplets in the CGGrepeat tract of FMR 1 gene will allow an artisan to determine thepremuation carrier frequency and full mutations in a population. Theestimation of the number of CGG triplets in the CGG repeat tract of FMR1 gene will also allow to calculate the incidence of FXS, FXTAS andFXPOI in a population. Premuation carrier frequency in females can beestimated from the experimental results and can be expressed as thefraction of female population tested to have premutation (≧55 CGGrepeats) in FMR1 gene. The premuation carrier frequency in males as wellas the full mutation frequency in both males and females can becalculated from the premuation carrier frequency in females. Fullmutation frequency in an individual (male or female) can be calculatedbased on the premutation carrier frequency of a female using thefollowing equation:

Full mutation frequency=premutation carrier frequency in females×S×0.5

where S is the rate of expansion of a premutation into a full mutationand was calculated to be 0.107 (i.e. ˜10.7% of premutations expand tofull mutations), while 0.5 is the probability of inheriting eitherallele.

Premutation carrier frequency in males can be calculated using theequation:

Premut. carrier frequency in males=premut. carrier frequency infemales×(1−S)×0.5

Estimation of the Incidence of FXTAS and FXPOI in a Populations

In some embodiments, the incidence of FXTAS and FXPOI in a populationscan be calculated by utilizing the estimated frequency of premutationsin males or females, the reported penetrance of alleles in male andfemale carriers, and frequency of larger premutation alleles. Theincidence of FXTAS can be calculated using the following equation:

incidence of FXTAS premutation carrier frequency in males×P_(FXTAS)×frequency of alleles

where P_(FXTAS) is penetrance in patients of larger premutation alleles(≧70 CGG repeats) in FXTAS estimated to be ⅓ (0.33).

The incidence of FXPOI incidence can be calculated using the followingequation:

incidence of FXPOI=premutation carrier frequency in females×P_(FXPOI)×frequency of alleles≧70 CCG repeats

where P_(FXPOI) is the penetrance of large premutation alleles (≧70 CGGrepeats) in FXPOI estimated to be ˜20%-28%.

Example 1 Samples

Residual archived DNA from patient samples already processed for fragileX analysis using existing assays were de-identified and used in thedevelopment of the PCR method. DNA was extracted using the Qiagen M96robot and reagents (Qiagen, Carlsbad, Calif.), Qiagen Gentra robot andreagents, and Qiagen 9604 reagents. The samples included a homozygousnormal female (28/28 repeats), a heterozygous normal female (18/21), apremutation female (31/64), full mutation females (19/450 and 29/530), anormal male (28), a premutation male (74), and mosaic full mutation male(105/350). Once conditions for the PCR were established, a larger set of47 anonymized, previously genotyped samples (Table 4), weighted towardfull mutation carriers (male or female), were used to test therobustness of the assay.

TABLE 4 Panel of Previously FMR1 Genotyped Samples Used to TestPerformance of the Triplet-Primed PCR/Capillary Electrophoresis-BasedAssay. Classification Previous Southern Blot by Triplet-Primed Sample #Genotype Call Analysis PCR/CE 1 23/800 FF 2 29/590 FF 3 687 FM 4 19/88 PF 5 104 PM 6  82 PM 7 28/400 FF 8  506-1006 FM 9 29/286 FF 10 28/98  PF11 660 FM 12 400 FM 13 29/29  NF 14 696 FM 15 67/500 FM 16 28/29  NF 17 78/2000 78 (60%, FM unmethylated)/ 2000 (40%, methylated) 18  45 GM 19QC Blank No Amplification 20     23/400-1250 FF 21 650 FM 22 850 FM 2345/600 FF 24 30/550 FF 25 30/49  GF 26 713 FM 27 500 FM 28 400 FM 2930/520 FF 30 19/19  HF 31 500 FM 32 30/30  HF 33 32/73  PF 34 31/480 FF35 170-240 FM 36 400 FM 37 600 FM 38 200-500 200 (10%, FM unmethlyated)/200-500 (90%, methylated) 39 420 FM 40 30/74  PF 41 853 FM 42 30/313 FF43 606 FM 44 433 FM 45   140/(200-400) 140 (5-10%, FF unmethylated)/200-400 (90-95%, methylated) 46 300-500 FM 47  590-1143 FM 48 666 FM NF:normal female; GF: intermediate female; PF: premutation female; FF:affected female; NM: normal male; GM: intermediate male; PM: premutationmale; FM: affected male.

To evaluate assay sensitivity, three DNA sets were made using archived,previously genotyped samples, each set harboring two DNA samples mixedat different ratios; set #A contained DNA samples from two males, onefrom a normal male with 28 CGG repeats, and one from affected male with850 CGG repeats; set B contained two males, a normal male (28 CGG) andaffected male (853), and set C contained two female samples, a normal(28/28) and an affected female (19/450).

To determine whether assay methods could detect fragile X CGG mutationstatus on blood spots, residual blood from previously genotyped patientswere spotted on Guthrie cards. Blood spots were punched from each cardusing BSD1000 GenePunch Instrument to generate two punches (3.2 mm each)per patient and DNA was extracted using Qiagen BioSprint reagents. DNAfrom blood spots was analyzed by the triplet-primed PCR/capillaryelectrophoresis as described in Example 2. A total of 37 samplescontaining the different FMR1CGG expansions in males and females weretested (Table 5). The series contained fourteen samples withintermediate repeats, nine samples with pre-mutations, and four sampleswith full mutations (as determined by Southern blot analysis), onefemale (20/500 repeats) and three males (300-700; 1250; 1250 repeats).

TABLE 5 Samples used for blood spots. Classification by Triplet-PrimedSample # Genotype* Previous Result PCR/CE  1 29/46 IF No Expansion  223/55 PF PF  3 28/66 PF PF  4 31/53 IF No Expansion  5  20/500 FF FF  660 PM PM  7 46 IM No Expansion  8 53 IM No Expansion  9 28/28 HF NoExpansion  10** — — No Amplification 11 31/45 IF No Expansion 12 30/49IF No Expansion 13 29/29 HF No Expansion 14 19/54 IF No Expansion 15 30NM No Expansion 16 34/50 IF No Expansion 17 300-700 FM FM 18 44/57 PF PF19 32/45 IF No Expansion  20** — — No Amplification 21 50 IM NoExpansion 22 30/51 IF No Expansion 23 29/70 PF PF 24 1250  FM FM 25 46IM No Expansion 26 30/30 HF No Expansion 27 29/78 PF PF 28 29/29 HF NoExpansion 29 30/64 PF PF  30** — — No Amplification 31 1250  FM FM 3235/59 PF PF 33 30/30 HF No Expansion 34 30/66 PF PF 35 30/30 HF NoExpansion 36 29/29 HF No Expansion 37 30/30 HF No Expansion 38 30/30 HFNo Expansion 39 32/47 IF No Expansion  40** — — No Amplification 4130/49 IF No Expansion Genotype is listed as the number of tripletrepeats on each FMR1 allele. Abbreviations are as in Table 4. NoExpansion includes normal and intermediate alleles. **Samples 10, 20, 30and 40 contained blank cards for cross contamination detection. Thesesamples showed no amplification (NA).

To determine the premutation frequency in US population, residualanonymized DNA samples submitted for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) carrierscreening and samples submitted for screening for diseases moreprevalent in Ashkenazi Jews were used. A total of 13770 samples wereanalyzed in this study, >99% of the sample were from females. Table 6shows the breakdown of samples by self-identified ethnicity. Greaterthan 43% did not provide ethnicity information, while 4.9% of sampleslisted as other or mixed ethnicities. Caucasian accounted for 20.8% ofthe total samples, Hispanics accounted for 12.5% of samples, samplesfrom each of African Americans and Asians accounted for 1.8% of thetotal samples.

TABLE 6 Composition of the population studied. Ethnicity SamplesScreened % Patients Caucasian 2866 20.8 African American/Black 247 1.8Hispanic 1723 12.5 Ashkenazi Jewish 2011 14.6 Asian 254 1.8 Other 6744.9 Not given 5995 43.5 Total 13770 100.0

Example 2 Assay Development and Assay Conditions

The CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene were amplified by PCR. The PCR reactionincluded a fluorescently labeled forward primer and reverse primerscomprising at least two CCG triplets such that the reverse primers cananneal to CGG repeat sequence. In one example, the reverse primer alsocomprised the junction sequence of the 3′-end of the CGG repeat tractand flanking sequence and a portion of the sequence downstream of CGGrepeat. The reverse primers having at least two CCG triplets and withoutsuch junction sequence will hybridize randomly inside the CGG repeatsequence and initiate DNA synthesis. This will result in a range ofamplicons of different sizes (stutter). The reverse primers furthercomprised a M13 linker sequence at its 5′-end such that a M13 primer cananneal to this linker sequence and further amplify the amplicons thusgenerated.

The PCR mix for amplification of all normal, premutation, and fullmutations of the CGG repeats were optimized by formulating variouscombinations of mixes using Roche Expand polymerase PCR mix buffer 2 or3, Roche High-GC PCR mix, and incorporating various additives atdifferent concentrations including Roche Q-solution, DMSO, HiDiFormamide, Tween-20, or combinations thereof. Initially, Roche Expandkit without the addition of deaza-dGTP was tested. However, RocheFastStarTaq kit reagents (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind.)provided better performance in terms of signal intensity under identicalcycling conditions.

The PCR mix contained 1×PCR buffer; 2 mM MgCl₂; 6% DMSO (Sigma); 1.7% Qsolution (Qiagen); 0.2 mM each of 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP, dATP, dCTP, anddTTP; 1 unit of Roche FastStarTaq polymerase; and 0.6 μM each of theforward primer (FMR1F), reverse primer, and M13 reverse linker primer.Several variations of the reverse primers were tested together with theFMR1F forward primer. The sequences of the primers are listed below inTable 7.

TABLE 7 Primers used in the PCR reaction SEQ ID Primer Sequence NO:FMR1F 6-FAM_TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGCTCAGCTCCGTTTCGGTTTCA 2 Forward CTTCCGGTFMR1R CAGGAAACAGCTATGACC ctcgaggcccaGCCGCCGCCGCC 3 Reverse FMR1CCGRCAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCCGCCGCCGCC 4 Reverse CGG1CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCGCCGCCGCC 5 Reverse CGG2CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCCGCCGDCGCCGCCGCC 6 Reverse CGG3CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCG 7 Reverse CGG4CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCG 8 Reverse CGG3-1CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCC 9 Reverse CGG4-1CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCC 10 Reverse FMR1R_7CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCGCCGCCGCC 71 Reverse FMR1R_8CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCC 72 Reverse FMR1R_9CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCGCC 73 Reverse FMR1R_10CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCCTCGAGGCCCAGCCGCCG 74 Reverse M13 reverseCAGGAAACAGCTATGACC 11 linker primer D: A, G or T

Three microliters of genomic DNA (10-150 ng total) was added for a finalPCR reaction volume of 15 μl. The cycling program, performed on an ABI9700 thermal cycler, was started by incubating the mix at 98° C. for 10minutes to activate the polymerase, followed by 10 cycles ofdenaturation at 97° C. for 35 sec, annealing at 64° C. for 2 minutes,and extension at 68° C. for 8 minutes, followed by 25 cycles ofdenaturation at 97° C. for 35 sec, annealing at 64° C. for 2 minutes,and extension at 68° C. for 8 min 20 sec (with 20 sec extension eachadditional cycle). For all 35 cycles, the ramp rate was adjusted to 64%for the denaturation and extension steps (ramping up at 0.5° C.), and to25% for the annealing step (ramping down at 0.5° C.). Two microliters ofthe PCR product (some times diluted 1:5 in H₂O) were mixed with HiDiFormamide and Map marker-1000 size standard (Bioventures Inc.,Murfreesboro, Tenn.) and samples were injected on an ABI 3730 DNAAnalyzer equipped with a 36-cm capillary loaded with Pop-7 polymer(Applied Biosystems) at 3 volts for 7 seconds. Data were analyzed usingGeneMapper software (Applied Biosystems).

The forward primer FMR1F is fluorescently labeled with FAM and annealsto 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene upstream of the CGG repeats. The reverse primerswere designed to comprise at least two consecutive CCG triplets suchthat the primers anneal to the CGG repeat sequences of the FMR1 gene.Reverse primer FMR1R (SEQ ID NO: 3) comprise 4 CCG triplet sequences andthe junction sequence directly next to the 3′-end of the CGG repeattract, the later indicated in bold lowercase. The reverse primers alsocomprise M13 linker sequence at its 5′-end (underlined) which provideshybridization sites for M13 reverse linker primer in further round ofamplification. Reverse primers FMR1CCGR, CGG1, CGG2, CGG3, CGG4, CGG3-1,CGG4-1, FMR17, FMR18, FMR19, FMR110 can hybridize randomly to the CGGrepeat sequence of FMR1 gene and initiate DNA synthesis to generate arange of amplicons of different sizes (stutter). A schematics of the PCRassay indicating the forward and reverse primers binding sites relativeto the CGG repeat sequences is shown in FIG. 2.

The inclusion of the M13 linker in the reverse primers also helped toboost the signal by about 30%. The incorporation of ramping in thecycling program helped further boost signal amplification by at leastthree fold.

Example 3

Effect of the Addition of 7-Deaza-2-deoxyGTP on PCR Amplification of CGGRepeats

The effect of substituting dGTP with 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP in the PCRreaction was tested to improve the amplification efficiency of thehighly GC rich CGG repeat sequence. Deaza-dGTP prevents the Hoogsteenbond formation without interfering Watson-Crick base pairing and isincorporated by Taq polymerase (Seela et al. Biochemistry 1982; 21:4338-4343). The effect of increasing concentration of 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTPwas tested in the PCR reaction mixture using genomic DNA isolated from aheterozygote female carrier (29/530). Increasing the concentration of7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP not only boosted the signal from stutteramplification, but also led to the appearance of a peak that migratedvery late on the ABI 3730 capillary and was evident only when a fullmutation was present (FIG. 3 and FIG. 4). Even though ampliconscontaining 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP do not stain with ethidium bromide, thepresence of a premutation and a full mutation could be detected in asingle PCR reaction by stutter and full mutation signals, thusdistinguishing homozygous normal females from heterozygous fullmutation-carrier females.

Using a panel of eight anonymized, previously genotyped samples, variouspossibilities of CGG triplet repeat status were tested. The assay coulddistinguish between normal and intermediate alleles (<55 CGG repeats)from premutation and full mutation alleles (with ≧55 CGG repeats) asshown in the electropherogram (FIG. 4). Normal females and normal malesdisplay alleles only in the gray (or left hand shaded) area of theelectropherogram, while premutation males and females, display allelesin the pink area (or right hand shaded), with stutter amplificationprior to the actual premutation peak. Full mutation carrying males andfemales display, in addition to normal allele in females, a taperingstutter amplification followed by a signal at the end ofelectropherogram that is present only whenever a full mutation ispresent. Most significantly, normal homozygote females can bedistinguished from full mutation carrier females using this method (FIG.4).

Example 4 Amplification of CGG Repeats by Different Reverse Primers

The efficiency of amplification of CGG repeats by the reverse primerswere tested using a PCR reaction mixture comprising 1×PCR buffer; 2 mMMgCl₂; 6% DMSO (Sigma); 1.7×Q solution (Qiagen); 0.2 mM each of7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP, dATP, dCTP, and dTTP; 1 unit of Roche FastStarTaqpolymerase; and 0.6 μM each of the forward primer (FMR1F), M13 reverselinker primer, and one of the reverse primers: FMR1R, CGG1, CGG2, CGG3,CGG4, CGG3-1 and CGG4-1 using genomic DNA isolated from 4 samples: fullmutation female (FF 23/800) full mutation male (FM 687), premutationfemale (PF 19/88) and homozygous female (HF 29/29).

All reverse primers generated a stutter pattern of amplicons for thethree samples: full mutation female, full mutation male and premutationfemale (FIGS. 8-14). Reverse primers FMR1R, CGG1, CGG2, CGG4-1 generatedfull mutation peaks which appeared around the 1050 bases for samples FF23/800 and FM 687 as indicated in the electropherogram of FIGS. 8, 9, 10and 14.

Example 5 Effect of the Addition of Various Concentrations of GTP,2-deoxyGTP and 7-Deaza-2-deoxyGTP on PCR Amplification of CGG Repeats byDifferent Reverse Primers at Different Annealing Temperatures

The effect of increasing concentration of GTP, 2-deoxyGTP, and7-deaza-2-deoxy GTP on the amplification efficiency of the highly GCrich CGG repeat sequence were tested. Varying amounts of GTP,2-deoxyGTP, and 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP were added to the PCR reactionmixture comprising 1×PCR buffer; 2 mM MgCl₂; 6% DMSO (Sigma); 1.7×Qsolution (Qiagen); 0.2 mM each of dATP, dCTP, and dTTP; 1 unit of RocheFastStarTaq polymerase; and 0.6 μM each of the forward primer (FMR1F),M13 reverse linker primer, and one of the reverse primers: FMR1R,FMR1R_(—)7, FMR1R_(—)8, FMR1R_(—)9, and FMR1R_(—)10 using genomic DNAisolated from a heterozygote female carrier at different annealingtemperatures. The amplicons were separated into fractions according tosize to have a distinctive pattern of tapering or “stutter”. Fullmutation alleles (>200 CGG repeats) were determined based on the sizeseparation of the amplicons. A reference assay condition was arbitrarilydetermined to comprise 1×PCR buffer; 2 mM MgCl₂; 6% DMSO (Sigma); 1.7×Qsolution (Qiagen); 0.2 mM each of 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP, dATP, dCTP, anddTTP; 1 unit of Roche FastStarTaq polymerase; and 0.6 μM each of theforward primer (FMR1F), M13 reverse linker primer, and reverse primerFMR1R at an annealing temperature of 64° C. Results from each of theamplification conditions were compared to the reference condition todetermine the efficiency of detecting stutter pattern and full mutation.

The addition of GTP to the reaction mixture up to a final concentrationof 200 μM did not have a significant effect on the amplificationefficiency of the highly GC rich CGG repeat sequence. The amplificationefficiencies were comparable or better in reaction conditions having7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP concentration of 0.85 mM to 1 mM. The amplificationefficiencies with reverse primer FMR1R_(—)9 under various reactionconditions were comparable or better than the results obtained from thereference condition, while the amplification efficiencies with reverseprimer FMR1R_(—)8 under various reaction conditions tested were worsethan the results obtained from the reference condition. A comparison ofthe results of the different reaction conditions to the referencecondition is presented in Table 8 below.

TABLE 8 Comparison of amplification efficiency for detection of stutterpattern and full mutation in presence of GTP, 7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP, usingvarious reverse primers Length Deaza- Annealing Primer Primer of dGTPdGTP GTP % Temp Condition Forward Reverse CCG uM uM uM dGTP/GTP (° C.)Result Stutter Full Mutation Ref FMR1F FMR1R 3⅔ 200 0 0.0 64 ReferencePresent Present Condition  1 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔ 650 12 1.8 60 ComparablePresent Present/Strong or better  2 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔ 650 12 1.8 64Better Present Present/Strong  3 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔ 1000 12 1.2 60Comparable Present Present/Strong or better  4 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔ 1000 121.2 64 Better Present Present/Strong  5 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔ 850 6 0.7 60Comparable Present Present/Strong or better  6 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔ 850 60.7 64 Better than Present Present/Strong Std  7 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔ 850 20.2 60 Comparable Present Present/Strong or better  8 FMR1F FMR1R_9 2⅔850 2 0.2 64 Better Present Present/Strong  9 FMR1F FMR1R 3⅔ 500 12 2.364 Worse Present Absent/week 10 FMR1F FMR1R 3⅔ 650 12 1.8 64 WorsePresent weak 11 FMR1F FMR1R 3⅔ 1000 12 1.2 64 Comparable Present Present12 FMR1F FMR1R 3⅔ 200 12 5.7 64 Comparable Present Present 13 FMR1FFMR1R_10 2 500 12 2.3 60 14 FMR1F FMR1R 3⅔ 500 12 2.3 64 15 FMR1F FMR1R3⅔ 850 6 0.7 64 Comparable Present Present or better 16 FMR1F FMR1R 3⅔850 2 0.2 64 Comparable Present Present or better 17 FMR1F FMR1R_7 4⅔650 12 1.8 70 Comparable Present Present or better 17 FMR1F FMR1R_7 4⅔1000 12 1.2 67 Comparable Present Present or better 19 FMR1F FMR1R_7 4⅔200 0 0.0 64 Worse Present Absent/weak 20 FMR1F FMR1R_8 5⅔ 500 12 2.3 64Worse Present Absent/weak 21 FMR1F FMR1R_8 5⅔ 200 0 0.0 64 Worse PresentAbsent/weak

Example 6 Assessment of the Robustness of the Assay to Detect CGGRepeats

To assess the robustness of the PCR assay of Example 2, previouslygenotyped DNA samples were tested using primers FMR1F and FMR1R, M13R inpresence of 7-deaza-dGTP. The person performing the test was blinded tothe status of CGG repeats in this panel, and the results scored by asecond person. The panel of anonymized forty-seven samples containedhomozygous females (N=3), normal heterozygous females (N=1),intermediate female (N=1), premutation females (N=4), and full mutationfemales (N=11), in addition to intermediate male (N=1), premutation male(N=2), and full mutation males (N=24) (Table 2) The panel assembled washeavy on full mutation carrier males and females. All the samples wereidentified correctly showing the capability of the new method inidentifying presence of full mutations, and distinguishing them fromnormal homozygous females, or normal heterozygous females with two closealleles (samples H2, 28/29).

Example 7 Detection of Mosaics

The ability to detect in a patient blood sample mosaic alleles ofpremutation and full mutations identified were tested using the PCRassay discussed in Example 2. FIG. 4 shows the results of a mosaic malewith a premutation allele of 105 repeats and a full mutation allele of350, identified from a blood sample. Mosaic samples listed in Table 2with mosaic full mutations including two male samples (samples 15, 17)and two female samples (samples 2, 7) were tested. Sample 17, which wasmosaic for 78 and 2000 repeats showed amplification signal for thelongest full mutation (FIG. 5). The signal for the full mutation wasweak but detectable. Previous Southern blot analysis of this sampleshowed the unmethylated premutation allele accounted for 60% of alleleswhile the methylated full mutation 2000 repeat allele accounted for therest in this affected male sample. The method also detected mosaicpremutations in full mutation carrier females (FIG. 5). These resultsshow that the new PCR method is able to detect mosaic alleles in bothmales and females.

Example 8 Assay Sensitivity

Assay sensitivity was tested by mixing DNA samples from males andfemales with normal of full mutations creating artificial mosaics. ThreeDNA sets were prepared using archived, previously genotyped samples,each set harboring two DNA samples mixed at different ratios; set “A”contained DNA samples from two males, one from a normal male with 28 CGGrepeats, and one from affected male with 850 CGG repeats; set “B”contained two different male DNAs, a normal male (28 CGG repeats) andaffected male (853 CGG repeats), and set “C” contained two femalesamples, a normal (28/28 repeats) and an affected female (19/450repeats). FIG. 6 shows the results from detecting these samples. Formale DNA, the full mutation was detectable at levels of 5% in set “A”and 10% in set “C”. As shown in FIG. 6, the intensity of the stutteramplification and the full mutation signals increase as the level offull mutation increases. In set “B”, from mixed male samples, it isinteresting to note the ability of the assay to detect as low as 11%mosaic full mutation content in female DNA that contained alleles ofthree lengths (19, 28, and 450 repeats), where the smaller, normalalleles would have been favored during PCR. At 10% mosaic content, aweak signal from a full mutation is present (FIG. 6C), while stutteramplification is appearing reliably at 20% content of the full mutation.On average, full mutation expansion could be detected by both thestutter amplification and full mutation signal detection, at levels aslow as 5% to 10% in both males and females.

Example 9 Concordance Study

The assay results of new PCR method were compared against the existingassay method which is composed of a two step-process: a PCRincorporating gender marker, and a subsequent Southern blot analysis forany sample with an expansion length of 45 repeats or above, as well asany apparent homozygous females. Previously genotyped 1,275 whole bloodsamples were analyzed using the new PCR mix including PCR primers FMR1Fand FMR1R, M13R and 7-deaza dGTP; the results indicated 100% concordancewith the existing method. As shown in Table 9, of these 1,275 samples atotal of six patient samples (three female, three male) harbored fullmutations.

TABLE 9 Concordance of Triplet-Primed PCR/Capillary ElectrophoresisMethod with Existing PCR/Southern Blot Method for Determination of FMR1Trinucleotide Expansion Status Classification Number Normal (HF, HetF,NM) 1237 Intermediate Female 15 Intermediate Male 7 Premutation Female10 Premutation Male 0 Full Mutation Female 3 Full Mutation Male 3 HF,normal homozygous female; HetF, normal heterozygous female; NM, normalmale.

Example 10

Detection From Blood Spots and Saliva

The CGG repeat-primed PCR assay was tested for the detection of CGGrepeats in FMR1 gene from blood spots, since newborn screening programsrely on blood spotted on Guthrie cards. Residual blood from previouslygenotyped patients were spotted on Guthrie cards. Blood spots werepunched from each card using BSD1000 GenePunch Instrument to generatetwo punches (3.2 mm each) per patient and DNA was extracted using QiagenBioSprint reagents. DNA from blood spots was analyzed by the new PCRmethod. A total of 37 samples containing the different FMR1 CGGexpansions in males and females were tested (Table 5). Of the 37samples, fourteen samples had intermediate repeats, nine samples hadpre-mutations, and four samples had full mutations (as determined bySouthern blot analysis): one female (20/500 repeats) and three males(300-700; 1250; 1250). FIG. 7 shows an example of the results obtained.All the samples where genotyped correctly by the new qualitative methodas harboring normal, intermediate, pre-mutation or full mutations.

Example 11

Estimation of Premutation Carrier Frequency in Us Population

A total of 13770 genomic DNA samples were analyzed by CCG repeat-primedPCR assay for the presence of premutations and/or full mutation. The DNAsamples were obtained from individual samples submitted for CF screeningand screening diseases prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews. The PCR reactionmixture comprised 1× reaction buffer, MgCl₂ at final concentration of 2mM, 1 unit of FastStarTaq polymerase (all from Roche Applied Science,Indianapolis, Ind.), 0.6 μM each of FMR1F, FMR1R and M13R primers, 0.2μM each of the nucleotides dATP, dCTP, dTTP and 7-deaza-2-deoxy GTP,1.7×Q solution (Qiagen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and 6% DMSO (Sigma, St. Louis,Mo.). The PCR reaction products were separated on ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer(Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, Calif.) and analyzed using GeneMapperSoftware (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, Calif.) as described above.Samples showing fragments containing ˜50 or more CGG repeats werefurther analyzed using the Capillary Southern Assay (CSA) was describedby Strom et al. (Genet Med. 2007; 9(4):199-207) (see also US 20080124709by Strom et al.). The method includes a multiplex PCR assay togetherwith capillary electrophoresis (CE) and Southern blot to determine thegender of the individual, the size of the CE fractions which isindicative of CGG repeat expansion.

FIG. 18A provides an example of the results obtained for a CCGrepeat-primed PCR assay. The sample was identified as harboring a nonexpanded allele (<55 repeats, indicated) and an expanded allele (>CGG 55repeats, indicated). The sample was reanalyzed using CSA method withgender confirmation. As shown in FIG. 18B, the sample was confirmed tobe from a female as only the X-chromosome copy of the Amelogenin genewas amplified. The sample showed heterozygosity for 29 and 65 repeats.

A total of 11759 samples from CF-screened females were analyzed as arepresentative of the US population. Forty eight premutations (>55 CGGrepeats) were identified from the CF-screened samples showing apremutation carrier frequency of 1:245. The distribution of the 48premutation alleles identified is shown in FIG. 19. Twelve of the 48alleles (25%) harbored ≧70 CGG repeats.

One female sample from a Caucasian patient showed evidence of fullmutation as shown by stutter pattern of amplification and detection ofthe late migrating fragment on capillary electrophoresis (FIG. 20A).That sample was further analyzed by Capillary Southern Assay and wasshown to harbor 30/(400-800) repeats, confirming the finding of CCGtriplet primed PCR. The methylation status of the DNA sample wasanalyzed by digestion with EcoRI and XhoI restriction endonucleasefollowed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The sample showed theappearance of additional DNA fragments (indicated by arrow) along withthe expected sizes indicating heterogeneity in DNA methylation (FIG.20B).

The distribution of premutation carrier frequency among different US subpopulation or ethnic groups were estimated by analyzing a total of 13770samples including DNA samples submitted for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) carrierscreening and samples submitted for screening for diseases moreprevalent in Ashkenazi Jews. Premutation carrier frequency in femaleswas estimated from the experimental results of the CCG primed PCR assayand the premutation carrier frequencies in males were calculated fromthe estimated premuation carrier frequency in females.

Premutation carrier frequency in males can be calculated using theequation:

Premutation carrier frequency in males=premutation carrier frequency infemales×(1−S)×0.5

where S is the rate of expansion of a premutation into a full mutationand was calculated to be 0.107 (i.e. ˜10.7% of premutations expand tofull mutations), while 0.5 is the probability of inheriting eitherallele.

A total of 63 premutations were identified among the 13770 samplesresulting in a premutation carrier frequency of 1:219. This frequency ishigher due the over representation of the samples from Ashkenazi Jews.Therefore, taking the CF-screened population as approximaterepresentative of the US population, the premutation carrier frequencywas found to be 1:245 (48 premutation samples identified out of 11759CF-screened females). Table 10 shows the results from the variousself-identified ethnic groups within CF population samples tested.Premutation carrier frequency among 2866 Caucasians was 1:169, while itwas 1:287 in 1723 Hispanics. No premutations were identified in Asians,while the frequency in African American was 1:124. In Ashkenazi Jewishsamples, 15 premutations were detected from 2011 DNA samples with apremutation carrier frequency of 1:134. Only one tested sample fromAshkenazi Jews harbored a premutation ≧70 CGG repeats (80 repeats).

TABLE 10 Distribution of premutation carrier frequency in different USsubpopulation # Samples # Premutations Ethnicity Screened IdentifiedFrequency Caucasian 2866 17 1:169 Hispanic 1723 6 1:287 AfricanAmerican/Black 247 2 1:124 Ashkenazi Jewish 2011 15 1:134 Asian 254 0N/A Other 674 2 1:337 Not Given 5995 21 1:285 Total 13770 63 1:219

The results were analyzed using Fisher Exact test and differencesbetween various groups did not reach statistical significance usingtwo-tailed P values and shown in Table 11 below. The number of AfricanAmerican and Asians analyzed in the study were low to make any definiteconclusion regarding frequency of premutation, the lack of detection ofpremutations in self-identified Asians is consistent with publishedreports (Otsuka et al. Brain Dev. 2010; 32(2): 110-114; Tzeng et al. Am.J. Med. Genet. A 2005; 133A: 37-43).

TABLE 11 Statistical analysis of differences in premutation frequenciesin various subpopulation two tailed P values African American/ CaucasianHispanic Black AJ Asian Caucasian >0.2 >0.5 >0.5 >0.2Hispanic >0.2 >0.1 >0.2 African >0.5 >0.2 American/ Black AJ >0.1 Asian

To provide for a better approximation of the permutation carrierfrequency in US subpopulation or ethnic group, the permutation carrierfrequency in each ethnic group in the study was calculated, the data wasthen extrapolated using the US Census Bureau and approximate Censusnumbers. Table 12 shows the approximation of permutation carrierfrequencies in US subpopulation or ethnic groups based on US CensusBureau data. The permutation carrier frequency in US females isestimated to be 1:177 and that for US males to be 1:396. This calculatedfrequency may be revised once better information obtained from AfricanAmericans and Asians is taken into account.

TABLE 12 Estimated distribution of permutation carrier frequency indifferent US subpopulation or ethnic group based on US Census Bureaudata Estimated Number of Number of Premutation females in premu- % of USCarrier the U.S. tation Ethnicity population¹ Frequency Population¹Carriers Caucasians² 65.6 1:169  98,759,970³ 584,379 Hispanic/ 15.41:287 23,875,899 83,191 Latino Black of 12.8 1:124 19,844,903 160,040African- American Asian 4.5   1:1500³  6,976,724 4,651 Ashkenazi 2.21:134   2,945,160³ 21,979 Jewish Total 152,402,657  854,239 U.S. Female1:178 premutation carrier frequency U.S. Male =1/178 × 1:400 premutation(1-0.107) × 0.5 carrier frequency⁴ Full mutation =1/178 ×  1:3335frequency in 0.107 × 0.5 the U.S. population⁴ ¹Information from U.S.Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts accessed May 31, 2010(http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html). Numbers may notadd to actual total U.S. population due to self identification of two ormore ethnicities. Estimates of female numbers assumes females accountfor 50% of the population. ²Caucasians did not include Ashkenazi Jews tobetter estimate overall carrier frequency. ³Rough estimate frompublished reports from Taiwan and Japan. ⁴Calculated using the equationsdiscussed above.

Example 12 Estimation Of Full Mutation Frequency in US Population

Full mutation frequency in an individual (male or female) can becalculated based on the premutation carrier frequency of a female andusing the following equation:

Full mutation frequency=premutation carrier frequency in females×S×0.5

where S is the rate of expansion of a premutation into a full mutationand was calculated to be 0.107 (i.e. ˜10.7% of premutations expand tofull mutations), while 0.5 is the probability of inheriting eitherallele.

The calculated full mutation frequency in the U.S. population (males andfemales) is 1/177×0.107×0.5=1:3308. In Caucasians, the predicted fullmutation carrier frequency is 1:3159 individuals while in Hispanics itis 1:5364, and in Ashkenazi Jews 1:2505.

Example 13 Estimation of FXTAS and FXPOI incidence in US population

The incidence of FXTAS and FXPOI in a populations was calculated usingthe following equation:

incidence of FXTAS premutation carrier frequency in males×P_(FXTAS)×frequency of alleles≧70 CGG repeats

where P_(FXTAS)=is penetrance in patients of larger premutation alleles(≧70 CGG repeats) estimated to be ⅓ (0.33).The incidence of FXPOI incidence was calculated using the followingequation:

incidence of FXPOI=premutation carrier frequency in females×P_(FXPOI)×frequency of alleles≧70 CGG repeats

where P_(FXPOI) is the penetrance of large premutation alleles(≧70 CGGrepeats) in FXPOI, estimated to be ˜20%-28%.

To determine the incidence of FXTAS in US population, the calculatedfrequency of premutation in males was first determined based on thepremutation carrier frequency in females as discussed above. Thecalculated premutation carrier frequency in males was 1:396. Thecalculated incidence of FXTAS in the US-screened population wasestimated to be 1:4808 males based on the above equation.

For incidence of FXPOI, the penetrance of 20% of larger premutationsalleles and frequency of alleles ≧70 CGG repeats were used in thecalculation similar to FXTAS. Using this information the calculatedincidence of FXPOI in females is 1:3557 in US. This incidence mightactually vary if women who suffer from FXPOI were not present in theCF-screened samples.

Example 14 Detection of CCG Repeats in the 5′-Utr of FMR2 Gene

The CCG repeats in the FMR2 gene can be amplified by PCR. The PCRreaction will include a fluorescently labeled forward primer and reverseprimers comprising CGG triplets such that the reverse primers can annealto CCG repeat sequence. In one example, the reverse primer may comprisethe junction sequence of the 3′-end of the CCG repeat tract and flankingsequence and a portion of the sequence downstream of CCG repeat. Thereverse primers having at least two CGG triplets and without suchjunction sequence will hybridize randomly inside the CCG repeat sequenceand initiate DNA synthesis. This will result in a range of amplicons ofdifferent sizes (stutter). The reverse primers may further comprise aM13 linker sequence at its 5′-end such that a M13 primer can anneal tothis linker sequence and further amplify the amplicons thus generated.

The PCR mix for amplification of all normal, premutation, and fullmutations of the CCG repeats may contain 1×PCR buffer; 2 mM MgCl₂; 6%DMSO (Sigma); 1.7×Q solution (Qiagen); 0.2 mM each of7-deaza-2-deoxyGTP, dATP, dCTP, and dTTP; 1 unit of Roche FastStarTaqpolymerase; and 0.6 μM each of the forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 76),reverse primer, and M13 reverse linker primer. Several variations of thereverse primers can be tested together with the forward primer. Thesequences of the reverse primers are listed in Table 3 above.

Three microliters of genomic DNA (10-150 ng total) may be added for afinal PCR reaction volume of 15 μl. The cycling program, can beperformed on an ABI 9700 thermal cycler, can be started by incubatingthe mix at 98° C. for 10 minutes to activate the polymerase, followed by10 cycles of denaturation at 97° C. for 35 sec, annealing at 64° C. for2 minutes, and extension at 68° C. for 8 minutes, followed by 25 cyclesof denaturation at 97° C. for 35 sec, annealing at 64° C. for 2 minutes,and extension at 68° C. for 8 min 20 sec (with 20 sec extension eachadditional cycle). For all 35 cycles, the ramp rate can be adjusted to64% for the denaturation and extension steps (ramping up at 0.5° C.),and to 25% for the annealing step (ramping down at 0.5° C.). Twomicroliters of the PCR product (some times diluted 1:5 in H₂O) may bemixed with HiDi Formamide and Map marker-1000 size standard (BioventuresInc., Murfreesboro, Tenn.) and samples can be injected on an ABI 3730DNA Analyzer equipped with a 36-cm capillary loaded with Pop-7 polymer(Applied Biosystems) at 3 volts for 7 seconds. Data can be analyzedusing GeneMapper software (Applied Biosystems).

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. All nucleotide sequencesprovided herein are presented in the 5′ to 3′ direction.

The inventions illustratively described herein may suitably be practicedin the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations,not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, the terms“comprising”, “including,” containing”, etc. shall be read expansivelyand without limitation. Additionally, the terms and expressions employedherein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, andthere is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions ofexcluding any equivalents of the features shown and described orportions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications arepossible within the scope of the invention claimed.

Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention hasbeen specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optionalfeatures, modification, improvement and variation of the inventionsembodied therein herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled inthe art, and that such modifications, improvements and variations areconsidered to be within the scope of this invention. The materials,methods, and examples provided here are representative of preferredembodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on thescope of the invention.

The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each ofthe narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the genericdisclosure also form part of the invention. This includes the genericdescription of the invention with a proviso or negative limitationremoving any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or notthe excised material is specifically recited herein.

In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described interms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe invention is also thereby described in terms of any individualmember or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in theirentirety, to the same extent as if each were incorporated by referenceindividually. In case of conflict, the present specification, includingdefinitions, will control.

Other embodiments are set forth within the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for determining the presence or absenceof an expansion of the CGG repeat tract in the 5′-untranslated region(5′-UTR) of fragile X related mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) in anindividual, said method comprising: a) amplifying all or portion of said5′-UTR CGG repeat tract using as template FMR1 encoding nucleic acidobtained from a sample from said individual, said amplifying beingachieved with at least a primer pair, said primer pair comprising (i) adownstream primer that comprises a CCG repeat segment which containsless than four consecutive CCG triplet repeats and hybridizes to atleast a portion of said CGG repeat tract and (ii) said primer paircomprising an upstream primer that comprises a CGG repeat segment whichcontains less than four consecutive CGG triplet repeats and hybridizesto at least a portion of the complement of said CGG repeat tract, saidamplifying generating amplicons that contain at least a portion of theCGG repeat tract; b) separating said amplicons according to size,wherein the size of said amplicons indicates the presence or absence ofexpansion of said CGG repeat tract in said 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 wherein said expansion of said CGG tract is a fullmutation.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said expansion of said CGGtract is a premutation.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said primerpair comprises a downstream primer that comprises less than fourconsecutive CCG triplet repeats and hybridizes to at least a portion ofsaid CGG repeat tract and said upstream primer hybridizes upstream ofthe CGG repeat tract.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said primer paircomprises an upstream primer that comprises less than four consecutiveCGG triplet repeats and hybridizes to at least a portion of thecomplement of said CGG repeat tract, said amplifying generatingamplicons that contain at least a portion of the CGG repeat tract andsaid downstream primer hybridizes downstream of the CGG tract.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said downstream primer comprises a secondnucleic acid sequence with no sequence homology to said FMR1 gene, saidsecond nucleic acid sequence located 5′ to said CCG triplet repeatsequence and said upstream primer comprises additional nucleic acidsequence with no sequence homology to said FMR1 gene, said additionalnucleic acid sequence located 5′ to said CGG repeat sequence.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, further comprising a third primer that hybridizes tosaid second nucleic acid sequence in said downstream primer and/or afourth primer that hybridizes to said additional nucleic acid sequencein said upstream primer.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said thirdprimer or said fourth primer has a sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 11. 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said downstream primer further comprises asecond nucleic acid sequence 5′ to said CCG triplet repeat sequence,said second nucleic acid sequence comprising sequence adjacent to the 3′end of the CGG repeat tract in the FMR1 gene and said upstream primerfurther comprises a first additional nucleic acid sequence 5′ to saidCGG repeat sequence, said first additional nucleic acid sequencecomprising sequence adjacent to the 5′ end of the CGG repeat tract insaid FMR1 gene.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein said downstream primerhybridizes to the junction between the 3′ end of the CGG repeat tract inthe FMR1 gene and sequence directly 3′ thereto.
 11. The method of claim9 wherein said upstream primer hybridizes to the junction between the 5′end of the CGG repeat tract in the FMR1 gene and sequence directly 5′thereto.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said downstream primerfurther comprises a third nucleic acid sequence 5′ to said secondsequence, said third sequence having no sequence homology to said FMR1gene and said upstream primer further comprises a second additionalsequence 5′ to said first additional sequence, said second additionalsequence having no sequence homology to said FMR1 gene.
 13. The methodof claim 12, further comprising a third primer that hybridizes to saidthird nucleic acid sequence in said downstream primer and/or a fourthprimer that hybridizes to said second additional nucleic acid sequencein said upstream primer.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein said thirdprimer or fourth primer has a sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 11. 15. The methodof claim 1, wherein said downstream primer consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 3-6, and14-40, and wherein said upstream primer consists essentially of asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41-69. 16.The method of claim 1, wherein said downstream primer comprises two setsof two consecutive CGG triplets separated from each other by at leastone nucleotide and said upstream primer comprises two sets of twoconsecutive CCG triplets separated from each other by at least onenucleotide.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said downstream primerconsists essentially of a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs: 15-22 and 29-36 or wherein said upstream primer consistsessentially of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs. 42-49 and 56-66.
 18. The method of claim 1 wherein said CCG repeatsegment in said downstream primer is any of the sequences shown in FIG.15.
 19. The method of claim 1 wherein said CGG repeat segment in saidupstream primer is any of the sequences shown in FIG.
 16. 20. The methodof claim 1, wherein said amplification is carried out is a reactionmixture comprising 7-deaza-2′-deoxy GTP.
 21. The method of claim 20,wherein said 7-deaza-2′-deoxy GTP substitutes for dGTP in said reactionmixture.
 22. The method of claim 1 wherein said amplification is cyclicand the ramp rate between cycles is selected at about 60-70% (about 0.4°C. to 0.6° C./sec) for the denaturation and/or extension steps and about20-30% (about 0.4° C. to 0.6° C./sec) for the annealing step.
 23. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said separation is by capillaryelectrophoresis.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein said separating ofamplicons according to size reveals a stutter pattern, said stutterpattern indicating the presence of an expansion of said CGG repeat tractin said 5′-UTR of FMR1 gene.
 25. A method for identifying with respectto the CGG tract of the FMR1 gene, a female that is homozygous normalversus a female that is heterozygous and having a normal allele and anallele with expanded CGG tract length, comprising: a) amplifying all orportion of said 5′-UTR CGG repeat tract using as template FMR1 encodingnucleic acid obtained from a sample from said female, said amplifyingbeing achieved with at least a primer pair, said primer pair comprisinga downstream primer that comprises a CCG repeat segment which containsless than four consecutive CCG triplet repeats and hybridizes to atleast a portion of said CGG repeat tract and/or said primer paircomprising an upstream primer that comprises a CGG repeat segment whichcontains less than four consecutive CGG triplet repeats and hybridizesto at least a portion of the complement of said CGG repeat tract, saidamplifying generating amplicons that contain at least a portion of theCGG repeat tract; b) separating said amplicons according to size so asto estimate the number of CGG repeats in said amplicons, whereindetection of only a normal number of CGG repeats indicates a homozygousnormal female and detection of both amplicons with a normal number ofCGG repeats and detections of amplicons with an abnormally high numberof CGG repeats indicates a female heterozygous and having an allele withan expanded CGG tract length.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein anormal number of CGG repeats is between 4 to 44 repeats while anabnormally high number of repeats is greater than 54 repeats.
 27. Themethod of claim 25 wherein said expanded CGG tract length represents apremutation with CGG repeats of between 55-200
 28. The method of claim25 wherein said expanded CGG tract length represents a full mutationwith CGG tract represents of greater than
 200. 29. A method of screeningnewborns to determine if they have an expanded CGG tract in the FMR1gene, comprising a) amplifying all or portion of said 5′-UTR CGG repeattract using as template FMR1 encoding nucleic acid obtained from asample from said newborn, said amplifying being achieved with at least aprimer pair, said primer pair comprising a downstream primer thatcomprises a CCG repeat segment which contains less than four consecutiveCCG triplet repeats and hybridizes to at least a portion of said CGGrepeat tract and/or said primer pair comprising an upstream primer thatcomprises a CGG repeat segment which contains less than four consecutiveCGG triplet repeats and hybridizes to at least a portion of thecomplement of said CGG repeat tract, said amplifying generatingamplicons that contain at least a portion of the CGG repeat tract; b)separating said amplicons according to size so as to estimate the numberof CGG repeats in said amplicons, wherein detection of only a normalnumber of CGG repeats indicates a newborn that has normal CGG tractlength FMR1 gene alleles and detection of amplicons with an abnormallyhigh number of CGG repeats indicates a newborn with an allele with anexpanded CGG tract length.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein a normalnumber of CGG repeats is between 4 to 44 repeats while an abnormallyhigh number of repeats is greater than 54 repeats.
 31. The method ofclaim 29 wherein said expanded CGG tract length represents a premutationwith CGG repeats of between 55-200
 32. The method of claim 29 whereinsaid expanded CGG tract length represents a full mutation with CGG tractrepresents of greater than
 200. 33. A method of estimating premutationcarrier frequency in FMR gene in males in a population or ethnic group,said method comprising: a) determining the total number of premutationin FMR gene in females representative of the population or ethnic groupusing the method of claim 1; b) calculating the premutation carrierfrequency in FMR gene in females in said population or ethnic group bydividing the total number of females identified as having saidpremutation by the total number of individuals tested in said populationor ethnic group; c) estimating said premutation carrier frequency in FMRgene in males in said population or ethnic group using the formula:premutation carrier frequency in males=premutation carrier frequency infemales×(1−S)×0.5, wherein S is the rate of expansion of a premutationinto a full mutation in said population or ethnic group.
 34. The methodof claim 33, wherein said rate of expansion of a premutation into a fullmutation in US population is 0.107.
 35. A method of estimating the fullmutation frequency in FMR gene in a population or ethnic group, saidmethod comprising: a) determining the total number of premutation in FMRgene in females representative of said population or ethnic group usingthe method of claim 1; b) calculating the premutation carrier frequencyin FMR gene in females in said population or ethnic group by dividingthe total number of females identified as having said premutation by thetotal number of individuals tested in said population or ethnic group;c) estimating said full mutation frequency in FMR gene in saidpopulation or ethnic group using the formula: full mutation carrierfrequency=premutation carrier frequency in females×S×0.5, wherein S isthe rate of expansion of a premutation into a full mutation in saidpopulation or ethnic group.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein saidrate of expansion of a premutation into a full mutation in US populationis 0.107.
 37. A method of estimating the prevalence of FragileX-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in males in a populationor ethnic group, said method comprising: a) determining the total numberof premutation in FMR gene in females representative of the populationor ethnic group using the method of claim 1; b) calculating thepremutation carrier frequency in FMR gene in females in said populationor ethnic group by dividing the total number of females identified ashaving said premutation by the total number of individuals tested insaid population or ethnic group; c) estimating said premutation carrierfrequency in FMR gene in males in said population or ethnic group usingthe formula: premutation carrier frequency in males=premutation carrierfrequency in females×(1−S)×0.5, wherein S is the rate of expansion of apremutation into a full mutation in said population or ethnic group; d)estimating the prevalence of FXTAS in males in said population or ethnicgroup using the formula: prevalence of FXTAS=premutation carrierfrequency in males X P_(FXTAS)×frequency of alleles ≧70 CGG repeats,wherein P_(FXTAS) is the penetrance in patients having permutation ≧70CGG repeats.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein said penetrance in malepatients having permutation ≧70 repeats in US population is 0.33.
 39. Amethod of estimating the prevalence of Fragile X-associated primaryovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) in females in a population or ethnicgroup, said method comprising: a) determining the total number ofpremutation in FMR gene in females representative of the population orethnic group using the method of claim 1; b) calculating the premutationcarrier frequency in FMR gene in females in said population or ethnicgroup by dividing the total number of females identified as having saidpremutation by the total number of individuals tested in said populationor ethnic group; c) estimating the prevalence of FXPOI in females insaid population or ethnic group using the formula: prevalence ofFXPOI=premutation carrier frequency in females×P_(FXPOI)×frequency ofalleles ≧70 CGG repeats, wherein P_(FXPOI) is the penetrance in patientshaving permutation ≧70 CGG repeats.
 40. The method of claim 39, whereinsaid penetrance in female patients having permutation ≧70 repeats in USpopulation is 0.2.
 41. The method of claim 20, wherein said reactionmixture further comprises GTP.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein theconcentration of GTP in said reaction mixture is 0.2 mM.
 43. A methodfor determining the presence or absence of an expansion of the CCGrepeat tract in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of fragile X relatedmental retardation gene 2 (FMR2) in an individual, said methodcomprising: a) amplifying all or portion of said 5′-UTR CCG repeat tractusing as template FMR2 encoding nucleic acid obtained from a sample fromsaid individual, said amplifying being achieved with at least a primerpair, said primer pair comprising a downstream primer that comprises oneor more CCG repeat segment and hybridizes to at least a portion of saidCCG repeat tract and/or said primer pair comprising an upstream primerthat comprises one or more CCG triplets and hybridizes to at least aportion of the complement of said CCG repeat tract, said amplifyinggenerating amplicons that contain at least a portion of the CCG repeattract; b) separating said amplicons according to size, wherein the sizeof said amplicons indicates the presence or absence of expansion of saidCCG repeat tract in said 5′-UTR of FMR2 gene.
 44. The method of claim 43wherein said expansion of said CGG tract is full mutation.
 45. Themethod of claim 43 wherein said expansion of said CGG tract ispremutation.